Early epidermal changes in heat- and electrically injured pig skin. II. An electron microscopic study

In order to find methods applicable for disclosing electrical torture, pig skin was exposed to heat and electricity under controlled circumstances. Biopsies for electron microscopy were obtained immediately after exposure. In heat lesions the nuclei were slightly distorted, sometimes with broken nuclear membranes. The tonofilaments were clumped, intracellular oedema was present and cell membranes were ruptured between desmosomes. In electrical lesions the nuclei were usually enlarged with strongly condensed chromatin. Some nuclei were composed of fine, evenly dispersed granular material. The cytoplasm appeared homogeneous, in large magnification finely granular. Cell borders could sometimes be identified located in situ. In the stratum corneum, which appeared normal in heat lesions, single or several cells or large areas had an electron-dense appearance. The difference in ultrastructure of heat and electrical lesions makes it probable that electricity has a specific action on epidermal cells.     

Lung histology in experimental drowning

Experiments were carried out on anesthetized rats which had to aspirate actively watery fluids of different osmolarities (range: freshwater--2.9% NaCl solution) by a tracheotomy tube. The cytologic and histological alterations which are to be found are mainly of osmotic origin. In aspiration of hypotonic solutions macroscopy shows the well-known emphysema aquosum. Corresponding to the structure of the respiratory system, the histological alterations show areolar limitations. The influx of fluids causes a wide range of reactions from the development of an alveolar-interstitial edema in combination with intracellular and intercellular vesiculation, karyolysis with swollen homogenized nuclei of the subendothelial, septal, and epithelial cells to a necrosis of all the cellular elements. A pronounced microangiopathy with edema of the vascular walls, a hydrops of the myocytes containing large vacuoles and perivascular edema with dilated lymphatic channels are likewise to be found. The alveolar macrophages are considerably increased. Sporadic ruptures of the alveolar walls and microhemorrhages occur. In salt water drowning alterations of the shape of both the erythrocytes (thorn-apple form) and the alveolar epithelium in combination with a striking of the pneumocytes and villous transformation prevail. Besides, these are capillary hyperemia and sludge. In a careful specimen analysis a differentiation of the findings between vital reactions and postmortem fluid impact is possible.     

Induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in two kinds of rats asphyxiation death models

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-alpha) in the heart, lung, liver and kidney in rats died of two typical models of asphyxia. METHODS: Two asphyxia models were made and tissue samples of the dead rats were collected from different groups at various postmortem duration. The expression and the changes of HIF1-alpha in various tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and image analysis techniques. Results Significant expression of HIF1-alpha was observed in the myocardial fibers, kidney cells, liver cells and lung cells in both asphyxia models, but not in the control group. The expression of HIF1-alpha in various tissues in the rat died of nitrogen gas breathing was found in the nuclei at 0 hour and the expression level decreased gradually thereafter. The HIF1-alpha expression level and duration in various tissues of the rat died of hanging were higher and longer than that of the former group, with a peak of the expression level observed 6 hours after death, and then started to decline in all tissues except the heart where the expression still showed an increase 24 hours after death. The control groups showed a steady expression in the cytoplasm but not in the nuclei. CONCLUSION: HIF1-alpha appears to be a valuable biomarker in the diagnosis of asphyxia within 24 hours after death.     

创伤致休克和多器官功能不全综合征中的细胞凋亡研究

研究创伤致休克和多器官功能不全综合征中的细胞凋亡 ,探讨细胞凋亡在创伤性休克和多器官功能不全综合征中的发生机理及其在法医学上的应用。用TUNEL末端标记、流式细胞仪等方法 ,对广泛软组织挫伤死亡尸解15例的肝、肾、心、脑等组织进行凋亡检测。其中因创伤性休克死亡 10例 ;因MODS死亡 5例。TUNEL末端标记法检测 :创伤休克组肝、肾、心、脑的细胞凋亡指数 (AI)明显高于对照组 ;创伤MODS组肝、肾、心、脑的细胞凋亡指数 (AI)明显高于创伤休克组和对照组 ,经统计学处理有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。流式细胞仪检测 :创伤休克组肝、肾、心、脑的凋亡峰值分别为 2 0 3 %、 19 1%、 18 6 %、 30 0 % ;创伤MODS组肝、肾、心、脑的凋亡峰值分别为 42 2 %、 45 1%、 39 7%、 6 2 9%。创伤致休克和MODS死亡人体尸解器官中细胞凋亡增多。     

吗啡类毒品中毒死者主要脏器内吗啡分布的研究

目的研究吗啡在人体脏器中的分布情况,筛选适于免疫组化方法检测吗啡的脏器。方法用免疫组化SP法对8例吗啡类毒品中毒死亡尸体脑、肾、心、肝等脏器中的吗啡进行定位和半定量观察。结果吗啡主要分布在某些实质细胞的胞浆内,肾脏和脑组织的吗啡含量高,不同器官、不同案例吗啡的分布情况差异较大。结论肾脏和脑是实际检案时用免疫组化方法检测吗啡的理想检材。     

小鼠死后骨骼肌、心、肝、肾、脑细胞核中DNA的变化规律

目的 研究小鼠器官细胞核中DNA降解变化与死亡时间的关系,为法医学推断死亡时间提供一种新方法.方法 应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术结合荧光显微镜和计算机图像分析技术,测定小鼠在死后72h内不同时间点骨骼肌、心、肝、肾、脑细胞核头DNA含量、尾DNA含量、头半径、尾长度、尾矩、Olive矩、头面积、尾面积8项参数的变化值.结果 在小鼠死亡72h内,彗星尾DNA含量、尾长度、尾矩、Olive矩、尾面积都呈增加趋势,头DNA舍量、头半径、头面积均呈下降趋势.计算出体现DNA降解趋势的二项式回归方程(P<0.001)和多元回归方程(P<0.0001).结论 本研究提供的各组回归方程,可为法医学推断死后经过时间提供一种新的方法.     

An Unusual Cause of Headache and Sudden Death of a Young Sailor—Postmortem Computed Tomography and Histological Findings of a Fatal Retroperitoneal Malignant Mixed Germ Cell Tumor

A 26‐year‐old Caucasian sailor, with no past medical history aside from headache for the last 1 week, was found dead in his cabin. The body was stored in a refrigerator on board and disembarked for autopsy 3 days later. Autopsy showed a large, nodular, necrotic and hemorrhagic retroperitoneal mass, and smaller hemorrhagic nodules in the brain, lungs, liver, and left kidney, with the brain being markedly edematous. Both testes were descended and normal. Histologically, the retroperitoneal mass showed a malignant mixed germ cell tumor comprising choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, and teratoma components. Retroperitoneal extragonadal germ cell tumors are uncommon, and this case of a young male who presented with headache and sudden death due to metastases is extremely rare.     

大鼠急性八角莲中毒的组织病理学变化

目的观察大鼠急性八角莲中毒后主要器官的病理形态学改变,探讨急性八角莲中毒的作用机制及其对靶器官、靶组织的损伤影响。方法随机将40只SD大鼠,分为3个实验组(0.5、1.0和2.0倍LD50剂量的八角莲水煎剂灌胃)和1个对照组(1.0倍LD50剂量的生理盐水灌胃)。大鼠在八角莲急性染毒后14d处死,解剖取脑、心、肝、肺、肾,样品经组织病理学处理后,光镜和电镜下观察大鼠主要器官病理形态学改变。实验数据采用χ2检验进行统计学分析。结果光镜观察结果:神经元胞质疏松,大部分尼氏小体消失;心肌细胞肿胀,润盘及横纹结构消失;肝细胞水肿、气球样变;肾近曲小管上皮细胞肿胀,管腔内见蛋白质样红色淡染物质。电镜观察结果:神经元细胞膜及核膜结构破坏,胞质明显水肿,细胞器大多已破坏、消失。急性染毒后4组大鼠死亡率随着剂量的增加而增高(P0.05)。结论急性八角莲中毒可引起多器官病理形态学改变,其毒性作用与剂量呈正相关性,且主要靶组织、靶器官为脑(神经元)、心、肝和肾。     

急性博落回中毒的实验病理学研究

目的 探讨博落回中毒作用的靶器官、靶组织和病变特点,以及博落回中毒机理。方法 应用博落回水煎液对大鼠经口急性染毒,行组织病理学和重要脏器电镜检查及血清生化检测。结果 博落回对大鼠的半数致死量(LD50)为19.5g/kg,染毒大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酸激酶(CK)及其同功酶(CK-MB)增高;心电图(EKG)表现异常;肝、脾、肾脏器系数减小。光镜下中毒大鼠心、脑、肝、肾等器官呈淤血、出血性改变;电镜下中毒大鼠心、脑、肝、肾细胞内线粒体、内质网、核膜等膜性结构破坏。结论 博落回毒作用的主要靶器官或靶组织是心、脑、肝、肾,病变特点为受累脏器淤血、出血性变;毒作用的主要机理是对线粒体、内质网和核膜等膜性结构的破坏。     

大鼠脑细胞DNA含量与死亡时间关系的图像分析

应用计算机图像分析技术 ,测定 15只大鼠死后 48h内不同时间点大鼠脑细胞核DNA含量的面积(Area)、等效直径 (Mean Dia ,MD)、异形指数 (Indexofdensity ,ID)、平均光度 (Averageopticaldensity ,AOD)、积分光度 (Integralopticaldensity ,IOD)、密度变化数 (L Den Coe ,LDC)和平均灰度 (Averagegray ,AG)等七项参数的变化值。结果证明 ,在大鼠死亡后 2 8h内 ,其脑细胞核DNA降解速率与PMI具有一定相关性。将每个参数的测量值进行多项式运算 ,获得了更能体现DNA降解趋势的二项式回归方程。其结果表明 ,应用计算机图像分析技术 ,测量机体死后DNA含量变化 ,将会成为推断PMI精确、客观的新方法。     

毒鼠强中毒实质性器官组织超微病理变化研究

目的观察不同浓度毒鼠强中毒大鼠实质性器官的超微病理变化。方法采用灌胃方法使大鼠毒鼠强染毒,制作大鼠中毒模型,并以健康大鼠灌服生理盐水为对照,提取大鼠的脑皮质、脑干桥脑部、心、肝、脾、肾等实质性器官,进行超微病理观察。结果不同浓度的毒鼠强可对心肌细胞、脑神经细胞、神经纤维和肝细胞造成一定损伤,而对肾、脾组织细胞损伤不明显。脑皮质神经元细胞结构模糊,内质网轻度扩张,线粒体扩张水肿,且无明显的剂量-反应关系;脑干桥脑部可见多处弥散性软化灶,神经细胞核溶解,神经纤维细胞有坏死,血管内皮细胞肿胀,血管周围有间隙出现,脑干损伤有明显的剂量-反应关系;心肌细胞表现为不同程度的心肌细胞坏死、线粒体弥漫性崩解或肿胀、肌丝断裂溶解、肌溶灶普遍存在等变化,并呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系;肝细胞表现弥漫性肿胀,细胞模糊,肝窦狭小,内皮细胞肿胀,结构模糊不清,细胞质内线粒体明显肿胀,糖原含量减少,与中毒剂量和时间均呈明显相关性。结论脑、心、肝可能为其毒性作用的主要靶器官或靶组织。     

短柄乌头急性中毒——乌头碱在大鼠体内分布的研究

本文用高效液相色谱法检测了大白鼠短柄乌头急性中毒后(LD_(50)剂量灌胃),乌头碱在心、肝、肾、血、脑内的含量分布。结果表明;体内乌头碱含量甚微或检不出。30例大鼠LD_(50)剂量灌胃后,16例2h内中毒死亡。其肝、肾内的乌头碱检出率明显高于心、血、脑,且中毒表现明显。另14例于2h整处死,其肝、肾、血中检出较高。16例2h内死亡组肝中乌头碱含量分析提示乌头碱在体内代谢很快。此结果为法医工作中乌头碱中毒案件调查、检材提取、毒物分析结果的评价提供了一定的依据。     

毒鼠强中毒的凋亡细胞研究

目的通过动物实验,研究观察在不同剂量下毒鼠强中毒后不同时间各器官的病理学变化,以期为法医学鉴定提供指标。方法建立小鼠毒鼠强中毒的实验模型,通过常规H.E染色及凋亡细胞检测技术对小鼠毒鼠强急、慢性中毒后脑、心、肝、肾等器官的病理学改变进行系统研究,并对研究结果进行计算机病理学图像分析;对中毒实验组的小鼠上述器官检材进行毒物分析。结果慢性中毒组小鼠在中毒后的不同时间段内,脑、心、肝、肾等器官凋亡细胞数均高于正常对照组及急性中毒致死组,且同一器官的凋亡细胞数在不同中毒时间段内有所差异,差别均有显著性;不同器官的凋亡细胞数的峰值在不同中毒时间段内亦有所不同。急性中毒组小鼠各器官的毒物分析结果为阳性,慢性中毒组均为阴性。结论慢性毒鼠强中毒,在临床症状不明显及法医毒物分析难以检测的情况下,应用凋亡细胞检测技术可成功检测出机体的主要器官的病理学改变,表明小剂量、慢性中毒对机体仍有一定的影响。     

Tissue disposition of cocaine in man: a report of five fatal poisonings

The disposition of cocaine in five cases of fatal poisoning are presented. The highest concentrations of cocaine were found in urine, kidney, spleen, brain, lung and skeletal muscle. Cocaine concentrations in these organs far exceeded those in blood. Cocaine was detected in all other specimens tested including: bile, heart, liver, vitreous and adipose tissue. These results are in agreement with limited, previously reported, tissue data, and indicate that when urine is not available, kidney, spleen, brain and/or lung should be the specimen of choice for cocaine detection.     

Structure of the hypothalamic nuclei in a severe craniocerebral trauma

Large- and small-cell hypothalamic nuclei from 30 males who died of craniocerebral trauma were studied. Number of neurons at different stages of neurosecretory process was calculated in the large cell nuclei (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei). Mean volume of neuron karyon (MVNK) was estimated in all the nuclei as a neuron function index. It was found that the proportion of neurons at different stages of the neurosecretory cycle is changed in large cell nuclei. This points to impaired synthesis of neurosecretion. Significantly increased MVNK of the neurons of paraventricular, arcuate and posterior nuclei was detected. The above evidence demonstrates activation of humoral hypothalamic regulation of the endocrine and immune systems.     

急性吗啡中毒大鼠主要脏器内吗啡分布变化的研究

研究急性吗啡中毒大鼠随给药和死后时间延长 ,主要脏器内吗啡的分布变化规律 ,为吗啡类毒品中毒死亡者尸检取材提供依据。采用免疫组织化学SP技术 ,观察 44只尾静脉注射吗啡的大鼠。从给药后 15min到 5h ,从死后即刻至 48h ,脑、肾、心、肝等脏器内吗啡分布的变化规律。结果表明 ,注射吗啡后短时间内各脏器均有吗啡存在 ,主要分布在某些实质细胞的胞浆内 ,且随时间延长吗啡含量上升 ,达高峰 ( 1h)后逐渐减少或消失。不同组织器官的吗啡含量及其变化速率差异巨大。脑内吗啡出现早 ( 15min) ,消失晚 ( 5h) ,峰值高 ,死后衰减慢 ( 4 8h仍呈强阳性 )。肾脏次之 ,但明显优于心、肝。免疫组化SP技术可作为一种鉴定吗啡类毒品中毒的特异性方法 ,脑、肾是其较理想的检材     

Tissue distribution of paraquat and diquat after oral administration in rats

The differential distribution of paraquat and diquat in liver, kidney, lung, brain and heart has been studied after oral administration of the LD50 or LD50/2 to rats. Paraquat concentrations were highest in all organs at 24 hours; at this time concentrations in kidney and lung were 2 to 3 times higher than at 2 hours. In contrast, with the exception of kidney, tissue diquat concentrations were highest at 2 hours. There was severe lung damage at 24 hours after paraquat; diquat aid not produce severe lung lesions, but caused intestinal distention and diarrhea. These findings suggest that the difference in the toxicity of paraquat and diquat is related to their difference in tissue distribution and excretion.     

Early epidermal changes in heat- and electrically injured pig skin. I. A light microscopic study

In order to find methods applicable for disclosing electrical torture, pig skin was exposed to heat and electricity under controlled circumstances. Biopsies were obtained immediately after exposure and the morphology of the heat lesions was compared to that of electrical lesions. The cytoplasm of epidermal cells in heat lesions appeared granular or fibrillar, while the nuclei were rather unaffected. In electrical lesions the cytoplasm appeared homogeneous often with a peculiar white colour in hematoxylin-eosin stained sections. The nuclei were either dark and shadowy or enlarged and vesicular. The keratin in electrical lesions often showed a bright yellow colour. Small defects in the epidermis were seen in some electrical lesions. Thus the morphology of electrical lesions differed markedly from that of heat lesions. Although some of these differences may be due to differences in distribution and intensity of energy, it is probable that pH shifts in the cells due to electrolysis is the main cause of the specific morphology of electrical lesions.     

大鼠急性CO中毒的超微病理学研究

大鼠吸入 CO(1500～4500PPM,2小时)急性中毒后,观察其心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑的病理改变。光镜下可见心肌细胞浊肿,水性变,肌浆凝聚,间质水肿;肝细胞浊肿,轻度脂肪变;肺淤血、水肿;肾曲管上皮细胞浊肿,神经细胞急性肿胀,尼氏小体减少或消失。电镜下,心肌原纤维过度收缩,肌节交短,质膜部分破坏,肌原纤维断裂、坏死;线粒体肿胀,肌浆网扩张;神经细胞内粗面内质网呈囊状扩张;神经细胞固缩;星形细胞突起水肿。     

大鼠脑、骨髓细胞核DNA降解推断死后间隔时间的研究

目的检测大鼠死后不同温度下脑、骨髓细胞核DNA降解规律，寻找推断早期死亡间隔时间（PMI）的新参数。方法10℃和20℃下，大鼠死后0～40h内，每隔4h取材脑组织和骨髓，单细胞凝胶电泳（SCGE）检测DNA降解程度，线性回归分析比较彗星参数HeadDNA％、尾长（TL）、Olive尾矩（TM）与PMI的关系。结果大鼠死后早期脑细胞、骨髓细胞核Head DNA％随着PMI逐渐下降的程度不同，20℃脑细胞核Head DNA％降解速率较快。与骨髓细胞相比，脑细胞核Head DNA％与PMI线性关系较好。与TL、TM相比，Head DNA％与PMI的线性关系较好。结论脑组织是利用SCGE检测DNA降解推断PMI的合适检材。Head DNA％较TL、TM推断PMI的价值更高。