眼眶爆裂骨折的CT表现及法医学鉴定分析

目的研究眼眶爆裂骨折的CT表现特点及其法医学鉴定问题。方法对76例眼眶爆裂骨折的临床法医学鉴定案例进行回顾性分析、总结。结果单纯头部CT以及X线检查诊断眼眶爆裂骨折漏诊率较高,其中CT诊断阳性率高于X线;眼部CT检查是诊断眼眶爆裂骨折的首选方法。76例骨折中以眶内侧壁骨折多见,其次为眶下壁骨折。CT直接征象主要表现为眶壁骨质连续性中断和眶壁移位,间接征象主要为骨折处积血和软组织增厚;临床表现以眼周瘀斑、肿胀、视力下降及复视为主。眼眶爆裂骨折对伤眼视力影响不明显,患者伤后视力多在0.8以上,但是容易出现复视;损伤程度以轻伤为主。结论单纯头部CT及X线检查诊断眶壁爆裂骨折有局限性,对眼部损伤患者,建议法医鉴定时将眶部CT检查作为常规;眶壁骨折对伤眼视力影响不明显,但是容易出现复视,法医鉴定时应引起注意。     

4种影像学检查方法应用于肩关节损伤法医学鉴定的比较

目的 评价X线、CT、MRI及CT气-碘双对比造影4种方法在肩关节损伤法医学鉴定中的应用价值.方法通过对肩关节损伤患者行X线摄片、CT扫描、MRI成像与CT气-碘双对比造影检查,观察、分析4种方法所得的影像学资料.结果 X线摄片对骨折的诊断率为52.8%,对软组织损伤的诊断率为0%;CT对骨折的诊断率为72.0%.对软...     

113例眼眶内侧壁骨折的MRI表现法医学分析

眼部损伤中,眼眶内侧壁骨折（筛骨纸板骨折）发生率较高,在法医学实践中较常见,正确诊断眼眶内侧壁骨折对于法医鉴定至关重要。目前,眼眶内侧壁骨折的诊断多参考多排螺旋CT扫描的结果,而磁共振（MRI）对于软组织损伤的诊断效果更好。本文回顾分析113例眼眶内侧壁骨折的法医学鉴定资料,旨在对眼眶内侧壁骨折的MRI表现及其法医学意义进行探讨。     

MRI鉴别新鲜与陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折

目的 探讨MRI对新鲜与陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折的鉴别价值.方法 回顾性分析43例胸、腰椎椎体压缩性骨折的MRI表现,MRI检查序列主要为T1WI、T2WI和STIR.结果 本组43例共发现55处胸、腰椎椎体压缩性骨折,其中46处椎体被判定为新鲜骨折,T1WI呈低信号或低信号中混有少许高信号,T2WI呈高信号,STIR呈明...     

CT、MRI在弥漫性轴索损伤法医学鉴定中应用价值分析

目的探讨CT和MRI检查方法在弥漫性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury,DAI)法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法收集26例CT和MRI影像资料齐全的DAI鉴定资料进行回顾性分析,比较CT和MRI两种方法对DAI病灶检出率的差异,分析DAI病灶检出数量与法医学鉴定结果之间的关系。结果 26例经MRI检出DAI病灶787个,经CT检出DAI病灶32个,MRI对DAI病灶的敏感度显著高于CT(P0.01)具有统计学意义。26例DAI鉴定的伤残等级数值与影像学检查发现的病灶数量之间存在负相关(r=-0.908,P0.01)。结论 MRI检查对DAI病灶的检出率较CT检查具有明显优势,可为DAI诊断提供更为准确的依据,在法医临床学鉴定中具有重要的应用价值。     

外伤致上颌骨额突骨折法医学鉴定100例分析

鼻部外伤造成的鼻部复合骨折中，采用X线平片检查容易漏诊上颌骨额突骨折。随着CT的广泛应用，使上颌骨额突骨折的漏诊减少。本文作者对2004年至2007年受理的100例外伤性上颌骨额突骨折的法医学鉴定资料进行回顾性分析，旨在探讨鼻部复合骨折中上颌骨额突骨折的影像学诊断及其法医学伤情鉴定的有关问题。     

46例外伤性脊柱损伤的X线片和CT检查分析

脊柱损伤是一种常见的、临床后果严重的损伤。对脊柱损伤的正确判断,不仅是临床及时准确治疗的关键,亦是法医学损伤鉴定的重要依据。X线摄片和CT检查脊柱损伤各有所长,两者结合可提高法医学鉴定的准确性。本文收集了1994年至2006年我中心鉴定、复核的46例外伤性脊柱损伤者的影像资料。损伤累及胸2—腰3节段34例、累及颈椎6例、下腰段6例。53个椎体骨折,单个椎体骨折41例、多个5例。根据外伤形成机制以及X线平片和CT表现,结合文献资料[1]将其分为5型:(1)单纯屈曲压缩型14例,主要为屈曲压缩外力,前柱承受压力、后柱承受张力。X线平片表现椎…     

鼻骨骨折螺旋CT3D成像与X线片对比研究

目的 评价螺旋CT扫描三维重建成像与X线摄片对比对鼻骨骨折法医学鉴定的价值。方法 使用SOMATOM BALANCE 1s螺旋CT机，对32例复杂鼻部外伤者2mm／2mm扫描，常规进行最大密度投影法(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)、表面覆盖法(SSD)、容积成像(VR)方式。全貌显示受伤鼻骨骨折影像，并与常规鼻骨摄片比较。结果 螺旋CT三维成像纠正3例X线照片的假阳性和6例诊断骨折类型不准确。结论 螺旋CT三维重建对诊断复杂鼻骨骨折块数目、移位，以及骨折类型优于X线摄片。     

脊柱损伤三项检查的作用探讨(附12例分析)

CT、MRI和诱发电位三项检查对脊柱损伤具有一定的针对性。笔者通过对去年的十二例脊柱损伤案例进行回顾分析，可以说明三项检查在脊柱损伤的法医学鉴定中有着不可替代的作用。一股资料十二例脊柱损伤中，男性7例，女性5例，年龄范围为23～51岁，坠落伤4例，砸伤4例，撞伤1例，其他损伤3例，12例损伤首选做X线检查。其中颈椎损伤2例，X线检查示颈椎变直，CT检查颈椎间盘突出和颈椎骨折，谁管变窄，MRI检查发现局部脊髓损伤的表现即脊髓明显萎缩及增粗改变，诱发电位检查结果和截瘫反映的症状相符。其余8例胸、腰椎损伤中，X线检查多数…     

骨折鉴定中MSCT及图像后处理的诊断与应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及其图像后处理功能在骨折法医鉴定中的诊断与应用价值。方法对366例法医鉴定者行薄层扫描并进行表面遮盖成像(SSD),透明化X线模拟投影(see-through)和多平面重建(MPR)处理。对所得图像进行诊断和分型。结果准确诊断并对134例鼻骨、98例眼眶和21例颅骨骨折进行分型。正确显示36例肋骨骨折、4例肩胛骨骨折、24例脊柱骨折和27例四肢骨及关节骨折。利用透明化X线模拟投影等技术鉴别陈旧性骨折18例。结论MSCT及图像后处理在骨折法医鉴定中具有重要实用价值,可为伤害等级鉴定提供有力的法医学依据。     

多层螺旋CT、普通CT和X线在骨折法医学鉴定中的应用

目的比较多层螺旋CT（MSCT）、普通CT与X线3种检查法,评价它们在骨折法医鉴定中的应用价值。方法对366例受检者（已接受其他影像学检查）行MSCT薄层扫描并行SSD,透明化X线模拟投影和MPR处理。统计分析MSCT、CT常规与X线检查在各部位骨折中的诊断正确率和漏、误诊率并行χ2检验。结果鼻骨、肋骨、四肢及关节、眶骨、颅骨骨折MSCT诊断正确率明显高于普通CT或X线（P〈0.01）。MSCT与普通CT对脊柱骨折的诊断正确率无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。MSCT、普通CT与X线的总体诊断正确率分别为99.45%、70.27%和59.17%。常规CT、X线与MSCT诊断结果间存在显著统计学差异（P〈0.001）。结论MSCT对骨折的显示更准确,可作为法医鉴定的重要辅助检查手段。     

螺旋CT三维重建在肋骨骨折法医临床鉴定中的应用

目的探讨螺旋CT三维重建评价肋骨骨折在法医临床中应用价值。方法收集肋骨骨折35例,分别采用X线摄片、CT扫描及螺旋CT三维重建检查。结论35例检查都取得清晰的立体图像,且可以消除周围组织结构,单独观察肋骨骨折情况。结果:螺旋CT三维重建在肋骨骨折的诊断、法医临床学中有较高的价值。     

MSCT及图像后处理在鼻骨骨折法医鉴定中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及图像后处理在鼻骨骨折法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法采用MSCT对134例被鉴定人进行薄层扫描并行多平面重建(MPR)和表面遮盖成像(SSD)。比较MSCT与常规X线诊断结果。结果线型骨折55(41.04%)例,粉碎型骨折46例(34.33%),凹陷型骨折27例(20.15%),未见骨折6例(4.48%)。X线平片及CR片漏、误诊48例(35.82%)。MSCT正确诊断133例(99.25%)。两者诊断结果存在显著差异(χ2=45.0816,P<0.001)。结论MSCT及后处理图像应作为鼻骨骨折法医鉴定的主要依据。     

骨折法医鉴定中多层螺旋CT（MSCT）重建技术的应用分析

目的探讨MSCT及后处理功能在法医鉴定中的应用方法。方法对366例法医鉴定者行MSCT薄层扫描并表面遮盖成像(SSD),透明化X线模拟投影(see-through)和多平面重建(MPR)处理。分析技术参数和应用方法。结果采集层厚1~3mm,重建间隔0.5~1mm。SSD重建366例,其中细小骨折显示欠佳,4例眼眶重建出现“假孔”。21例关节分解后关节面显示清晰。透明化X线模拟投影重建18例,准确鉴别新鲜与陈旧骨折。MPR重建366例,显示骨折326例。结论选择适宜的后处理技术并联合应用可更好的显示骨折,为法医鉴定提供高质量图像。     

浮肩损伤的法医学鉴定15例分析

目的探讨浮肩损伤(floatingshoulderinjury,FSI)的法医学鉴定。方法回顾性分析1993年1月至2006年1月受理的FSI法医鉴定案件15例,其中肩胛颈骨折15例(首次X线漏诊7例),合并同侧锁骨干骨折13例,锁骨远端骨折2例。均于受伤后至少6个月进行法医学检查,全部进行X线拍片,必要时行CT三维重建及MRI检查,结合伤者的症状、体征及关节功能的检查情况,从肩关节活动范围、疼痛程度、局部肌力等几个方面综合评价其功能。结果参照Herscovici的疗效标准:良2例(13%)、可4例(27%)、差9例(60%)。依据GA35-92,GB18667-2002标准,评定为6级2例,7级9例,8级2例,9级1例,10级1例。结论FSI是一种高能量的特殊损伤,合并伤及多发伤发生率高,早期易被掩盖,导致漏诊、误诊、延误治疗。法医鉴定时应充分认识FSI的特殊性,全面客观分析,综合评价肩部功能,防止误鉴及漏鉴。     

Differentiation of Antemortem and Postmortem Appendicular Fractures Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Intensity Changes in Bone and Soft Tissues,

Intraosseous T1-weighted (T1W) and short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity changes—so-called bone marrow edema—may be able to differentiate antemortem and postmortem fractures in human forensic imaging. The primary objective of this study was to investigate this hypothesis using an animal model. Three juvenile Landrace pigs were anesthetized and underwent MRI of both tibiae and both radii using a 1.5 T magnet. T1W, T2-weighted (T2W), STIR, and T2* sequences were included. Antemortem fractures were induced in both tibiae and postmortem fractures in both radii, and MRI was repeated. Two board-certified radiologists blinded to fracture group jointly evaluated the images for intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) in identifying antemortem fractures were calculated based on intraosseous, soft tissue, and combined intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes. Intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes, when present, were hyperintense in all sequences. Intraosseous hyperintensity in T1W and T2W sequences yielded Sp of 100% for antemortem fractures. Regardless of sequence, soft tissue hyperintensity was comparatively more sensitive than intraosseous hyperintensity. Sensitivity for each sequence could be maximized by assessment of soft tissue and intraosseous hyperintense signals together; for the T1W sequence, such assessment optimized diagnostic utility yielding a Se of 100% and Sp of 83%. In summary, MRI—particularly the T1W sequence—can differentiate antemortem and postmortem fractures and may be a useful adjunct to the forensic analyses of fractures.     

磁敏感加权成像在出血性弥散性轴索损伤鉴定中的应用

目的探讨磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)在出血性弥散性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury,DAI)法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法对20例DAI的法医学鉴定资料进行回顾性分析,对其T1WI、T2WI、扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、液体衰减反转恢复(fluid attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)、磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)序列影像资料进行统计分析。结果 DAI出血灶多位于脑组织表浅区,SWI对出血性DAI的检出率最高,与其他序列成像之间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SWI在DAI法医学鉴定中具有重要的意义。     

Post-mortem forensic neuroimaging: correlation of MSCT and MRI findings with autopsy results

Multislice-computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are increasingly used for forensic purposes. Based on broad experience in clinical neuroimaging, post-mortem MSCT and MRI were performed in 57 forensic cases with the goal to evaluate the radiological methods concerning their usability for forensic head and brain examination. An experienced clinical radiologist evaluated the imaging data. The results were compared to the autopsy findings that served as the gold standard with regard to common forensic neurotrauma findings such as skull fractures, soft tissue lesions of the scalp, various forms of intracranial hemorrhage or signs of increased brain pressure. The sensitivity of the imaging methods ranged from 100% (e.g., heat-induced alterations, intracranial gas) to zero (e.g., mediobasal impression marks as a sign of increased brain pressure, plaques jaunes). The agreement between MRI and CT was 69%. The radiological methods prevalently failed in the detection of lesions smaller than 3mm of size, whereas they were generally satisfactory concerning the evaluation of intracranial hemorrhage. Due to its advanced 2D and 3D post-processing possibilities, CT in particular possessed certain advantages in comparison with autopsy with regard to forensic reconstruction. MRI showed forensically relevant findings not seen during autopsy in several cases. The partly limited sensitivity of imaging that was observed in this retrospective study was based on several factors: besides general technical limitations it became apparent that clinical radiologists require a sound basic forensic background in order to detect specific signs. Focused teaching sessions will be essential to improve the outcome in future examinations. On the other hand, the autopsy protocols should be further standardized to allow an exact comparison of imaging and autopsy data. In consideration of these facts, MRI and CT have the power to play an important role in future forensic neuropathological examination.