CT、MRI在弥漫性轴索损伤法医学鉴定中应用价值分析

目的探讨CT和MRI检查方法在弥漫性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury,DAI)法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法收集26例CT和MRI影像资料齐全的DAI鉴定资料进行回顾性分析,比较CT和MRI两种方法对DAI病灶检出率的差异,分析DAI病灶检出数量与法医学鉴定结果之间的关系。结果 26例经MRI检出DAI病灶787个,经CT检出DAI病灶32个,MRI对DAI病灶的敏感度显著高于CT(P0.01)具有统计学意义。26例DAI鉴定的伤残等级数值与影像学检查发现的病灶数量之间存在负相关(r=-0.908,P0.01)。结论 MRI检查对DAI病灶的检出率较CT检查具有明显优势,可为DAI诊断提供更为准确的依据,在法医临床学鉴定中具有重要的应用价值。     

弥漫性轴索损伤的研究进展

弥漫性轴索损伤（diffuse axonal injury,DAI）以脑白质轴索弥漫性损伤为主要特征,迄今其形成机制尚未完全阐明,不同学科诊断标准迥异,是法医学和神经科学亟待解决的难题。磁共振弥散张量成像（diffusion tensor imaging,DTI）通过检测弥散参数及纤维束成像（fibre tracking,FT）可准确地反映轴索损伤部位及损伤程度,具有广泛的法医学应用前景。本文综述DAI发生机制及诊断方法的研究进展,尤其DTI技术在DAI诊断中的应用。     

磁共振测量软组织内创道长度37例分析

<正>软组织创伤日常多见,是人体损伤鉴定中最常见的类型。本文旨在探讨利用磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)测量软组织创伤内创道长度的可行性,并对创道周围组织损伤情况进行评价,为法医学鉴定提供科学客观的依据。1案例资料1.1一般情况37例软组织锐器伤患者,其中男31人,女6人;平均30.4岁,最大61岁,最小14岁;受伤时间平均     

膝关节侧副韧带损伤MRI影像诊断的比较研究

目的研究膝关节侧副韧带损伤的MRI诊断与法医学鉴定意义。方法对经手术或临床证实的11例共13条损伤的侧副韧带与12例正常膝关节进行回顾性MRI对比研究。结果正常胫、腓侧副韧带在T1WI和T2WI上均呈扁平条状低信号结构,平均长度分别为6.8cm和5.7cm;13条侧副韧带损伤,单纯胫侧副韧带损伤6条,单纯腓侧副韧带损伤3条,两侧侧副韧带同时损伤2例4条;其中I级侧副韧带损伤5条,II级侧副韧带损伤5条;III级侧副韧带损伤3条;7例(63.6%)出现并发症,其中前交叉韧带损伤3条,后交叉韧带损伤4条,半月板损伤2个。结论MRI能清晰显示膝关节侧副韧带解剖结构,能准确诊断侧副韧带损伤并进行分级,还能发现多种并发症,对法医学鉴定有重要意义。     

肩袖损伤的法医学鉴定1例

正1案例1.1简要案情及病史摘要某男,48岁,某年5月8日因交通事故受伤入院。查体:左肩部肿胀、压痛明显,局部可及明显骨擦感及骨擦音。X线片示:左侧锁骨中段粉碎性骨折,骨折端成角移位明显,周围见游离骨片。5月9日行"左锁骨骨折切开复位内固定术"。次年6月13日行"左侧锁骨术后内固定物取出术"。第3年7月8日磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)检查见左侧冈上肌肌腱远端信号增高,横向弛豫时间(T2)加权像(weighted imaging,WI)信号连续,左侧肩峰下滑囊、喙突下滑囊少量积液,左侧肩锁关节间隙少量积液,左侧肱骨头内见小类圆形水样信号影。     

MRI诊断弥漫性轴索损伤36例分析

弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)是钝性外力作用于头部所致的一种原发性、器质性、闭合性脑损伤,是指以脑深部神经肿胀、断裂为特征的弥漫性脑白质损伤类型[1],在临床法医学鉴定中较常见。在CT尚未应用之前DAI多为尸检病理所诊断,CT的应用对活体的DAI诊断无疑有了一定的进展,但对较小的病灶仍常出现假阴性结果,随着MRI的广泛应用,DAI的临床诊断更加可靠。笔者分析了36例CT未能诊断DAI的被鉴定人的MRI表现,以期为DAI的鉴定提供更为直接的客观依据。1资料与方法1.1资料36例资料选自1998年1月～2004年3月河南省人民政府指定对人身伤害进行鉴定…     

MRI在膝关节细微骨折法医学鉴定中的应用价值

目的探讨膝关节细微骨折的MRI表现及其在法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法分析24例经MRI诊断并经CT及临床证实的膝关节细微骨折的MRI表现,并与CT和X线检查结果进行比对。结果24例患者中X线仅检出2处骨折,CT检出27处,MRI检出31处骨折;其中MRI诊断同一患者2处以上骨折共有5例。所有骨折均无明显分离或错位,T1WI STIR和FE-T2WI序列是显示细微骨折的最佳序列。结论MRI能明确诊断膝关节细微骨折,为法医学鉴定提供有力的依据。     

MALDI-TOF-IMS分析DAI大鼠脑组织内差异蛋白的分布

目的基于基质辅助激光解吸/电离-飞行时间质谱成像(matrix assisted laser desorption/ionizationtime of flight imaging mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF-IMS)技术建立弥漫性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury,DAI)大鼠脑组织内蛋白差异化表达的质谱成像方法。方法应用AutoflexⅢ MALDI-TOF质谱仪在质荷比1 000~20 000范围内对DAI组和对照组脑组织进行质谱扫描,利用Clin Pro Tool 2.2软件对两组数据进行统计学分析,挑选出存在表达差异的蛋白质分子进行质谱成像,观察不同质荷比的蛋白质分子在脑组织中的分布情况。结果质荷比为4 963、5 634、6 253、6 714及7 532的5个蛋白质分子在DAI大鼠脑组织内表达量存在差异。结论 MALDI-TOF-IMS可用于大鼠DAI后脑组织内差异蛋白的研究,初步建立了质谱成像技术检测DAI大鼠脑组织中差异蛋白分布的分析方法。     

放射影像学在法医学尸体检验中的应用

随着放射影像学诊断技术的发展和成熟,X线检查、计机断层成像(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)等临床诊断技术也临床法医学活体损伤鉴定中广泛应用,为科学、准确的定提供了精确可靠的检查手段。尽管放射学几乎自其发初始就成为法医学的检查手段的一部分,然而这些技术法医病理尸体检验中却一直处于被忽略的地位[1],把放影像学诊断技术用于尸体检验中仍然处于探索阶段,在国鲜有这方面的相关报道。可喜的是,在法医学实践中,放射影像学诊断技术作为法医病理学的检验手段正日受到重视,在尸体个人识别、组织器官的损伤、死亡原因鉴定中发挥重要作用[1],其…     

脑震荡后综合征及其客观评定技术的发展

脑震荡后综合征诊断具有很大的争议性。轻度创伤性脑损伤后脑震荡综合征的发病机制,涉及神经损伤和心理社会因素。迄今,已有大量的研究对现有的检查方法或工具(包括精神检查、常规CT和核磁共振、神经心理学测试和神经生化检查)的评定和诊断价值进行了分析。轻度创伤性脑损伤的受损部位主要分布在灰白质交界附近和大脑深部中线结构,由于大脑损伤的弥漫性,常规影像学检查无阳性发现。本文对脑震荡后综合征的流行病学研究、诊断现状及争议、常规诊断技术、新型核磁共振成像技术在脑震荡后综合征和轻度创伤性脑损伤诊断中的应用及展望进行了综述。现代大脑成像技术可无创定量评定大脑损伤,并可能成为脑震荡后综合征诊断及法医学鉴定更敏感和更有前途的评定工具。     

Differentiation of Antemortem and Postmortem Appendicular Fractures Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Intensity Changes in Bone and Soft Tissues,

Intraosseous T1-weighted (T1W) and short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity changes—so-called bone marrow edema—may be able to differentiate antemortem and postmortem fractures in human forensic imaging. The primary objective of this study was to investigate this hypothesis using an animal model. Three juvenile Landrace pigs were anesthetized and underwent MRI of both tibiae and both radii using a 1.5 T magnet. T1W, T2-weighted (T2W), STIR, and T2* sequences were included. Antemortem fractures were induced in both tibiae and postmortem fractures in both radii, and MRI was repeated. Two board-certified radiologists blinded to fracture group jointly evaluated the images for intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) in identifying antemortem fractures were calculated based on intraosseous, soft tissue, and combined intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes. Intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes, when present, were hyperintense in all sequences. Intraosseous hyperintensity in T1W and T2W sequences yielded Sp of 100% for antemortem fractures. Regardless of sequence, soft tissue hyperintensity was comparatively more sensitive than intraosseous hyperintensity. Sensitivity for each sequence could be maximized by assessment of soft tissue and intraosseous hyperintense signals together; for the T1W sequence, such assessment optimized diagnostic utility yielding a Se of 100% and Sp of 83%. In summary, MRI—particularly the T1W sequence—can differentiate antemortem and postmortem fractures and may be a useful adjunct to the forensic analyses of fractures.     

112例脑弥漫性轴索损伤分析

目的探讨脑弥漫性轴索损伤（diffuse axonal injury,DAI）与脑挫裂伤和原发性脑干损伤的关系。方法分析112例DAI伤者的法医临床学资料和影像学特点,对原发性脑损伤的特征进行比较。结果112例DAI伤者中70.5%为交通事故致伤,多次暴力致伤比较多见（60.7%）,伴脑挫裂伤者80例（71.4%）。CT或MRI发现出血灶者90例。结论DAI多伴有脑皮质挫裂伤和原发性脑损伤,CT或MRI有助于法医学死因分析和伤残程度鉴定。     

Post-mortem forensic neuroimaging: correlation of MSCT and MRI findings with autopsy results

Multislice-computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are increasingly used for forensic purposes. Based on broad experience in clinical neuroimaging, post-mortem MSCT and MRI were performed in 57 forensic cases with the goal to evaluate the radiological methods concerning their usability for forensic head and brain examination. An experienced clinical radiologist evaluated the imaging data. The results were compared to the autopsy findings that served as the gold standard with regard to common forensic neurotrauma findings such as skull fractures, soft tissue lesions of the scalp, various forms of intracranial hemorrhage or signs of increased brain pressure. The sensitivity of the imaging methods ranged from 100% (e.g., heat-induced alterations, intracranial gas) to zero (e.g., mediobasal impression marks as a sign of increased brain pressure, plaques jaunes). The agreement between MRI and CT was 69%. The radiological methods prevalently failed in the detection of lesions smaller than 3mm of size, whereas they were generally satisfactory concerning the evaluation of intracranial hemorrhage. Due to its advanced 2D and 3D post-processing possibilities, CT in particular possessed certain advantages in comparison with autopsy with regard to forensic reconstruction. MRI showed forensically relevant findings not seen during autopsy in several cases. The partly limited sensitivity of imaging that was observed in this retrospective study was based on several factors: besides general technical limitations it became apparent that clinical radiologists require a sound basic forensic background in order to detect specific signs. Focused teaching sessions will be essential to improve the outcome in future examinations. On the other hand, the autopsy protocols should be further standardized to allow an exact comparison of imaging and autopsy data. In consideration of these facts, MRI and CT have the power to play an important role in future forensic neuropathological examination.     

An examination of the sequence of intersecting lines using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectral imaging

In this study, the potential of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectral imaging as a technique to determine the sequence of line crossings was examined. The technique was successful in determining the sequence of heterogeneous line intersections produced using ballpoint pens and laser printers. By imaging at characteristic frequencies, it was possible to form spectral images showing the spatial distribution of the materials. By examining the spectral images from the inks, it was possible to determine whether the ink was above or below the toner. In blind testing, ATR-FTIR spectral imaging results were directly compared to those obtained by eight experienced forensic document examiners using methods regularly employed in casework. ATR-FTIR spectral imaging was shown to achieve a 100% success rate in the blind tests, whereas some incorrect sequence determinations were made by the forensic document examiners when using traditional techniques. The technique was unable to image ink-jet printing, gel pens, roller ball pens, and felt-tip pens, and was also unable to determine the sequence of intersecting ballpoint pen lines.     

肋骨骨折影像学在法医鉴定中的应用及相关问题

肋骨骨折法医学的诊断主要依靠医学影像学检查结果,影像学的误诊或漏诊将直接影响鉴定意见的准确性,从而可能导致刑事或民事案件的审判错误。本文详尽地总结和分析了肋骨骨折各种影像学检查技术的优缺点、漏误诊原因、法医学鉴定现状及法医鉴定时需考虑的因素,以提高法医学鉴定的准确性。     

Initial Study for the Determination of the Sequence of Intersecting Lines between Gel Pens and Seals by Optical Coherence Tomography*

Determining the sequence of intersecting lines is a significant issue in the forensic document examination that can reveal the fraud or distinguish between different allegations. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution cross-sectional imaging technique that has been introduced into forensic science field recently. The potential of OCT as a novel method to determine the sequence of intersecting lines was examined for the first time. In this study, a spectral-domain OCT system with a center wavelength of 900 nm was employed to perform nondestructive examination on determining the sequence of 18 heterogeneous intersecting line samples produced using three types of gel pens and three brands of stamp pad ink seals. Two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional, and three-dimensional (3D) volumetric images of the intersecting lines were obtained by the OCT system. Several features were noted and analyzed to successfully determine the sequence of all the 18 samples. Blind tests were also conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of OCT technique. The results illustrate that OCT technology can provide an effective and accurate method for sequencing intersecting lines of gel pen ink and seal ink, which may complement the conventional methods used in the examination of questioned documents.     

医学影像资料法医学同一认定30例分析

目的探讨医学影像资料法医学同一认定的鉴定原则、思路及方法。方法总结华西法医学鉴定中心1992—2012年受理的30例医学影像资料同一认定案例,对影像资料数量、种类,鉴定利用的识别点及其类型、间隔进行回顾性统计分析。结果胸部X线片为最常见的鉴定资料类型。利用的识别点共有33处、6种类型,包括：自身惟一性特征、骨骼自身结构的变异或发育畸形、疾病或退行性变、创伤后病理变化、医疗后果和正常形态的多处一致。结论影像资料常规审查是案件受理前提之一,同一认定时结合资料类型、投照部位及案情特点选择相应识别点,自身惟一性识别点最佳,多种类型识别点联合使用,识别点多处表现一致得出肯定结论者可应用于鉴定实践。     

MRI鉴别新鲜与陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折

目的 探讨MRI对新鲜与陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折的鉴别价值.方法 回顾性分析43例胸、腰椎椎体压缩性骨折的MRI表现,MRI检查序列主要为T1WI、T2WI和STIR.结果 本组43例共发现55处胸、腰椎椎体压缩性骨折,其中46处椎体被判定为新鲜骨折,T1WI呈低信号或低信号中混有少许高信号,T2WI呈高信号,STIR呈明...