习近平法治思想要义解析

习近平法治思想是一个系统完备、逻辑严密、内在统一的法治理论体系,主要包括法治基本理论、法治推进方略、法治重大关系等三大理论板块。在基本理论板块,明确提出了全面依法治国战略、法治中国命题、中国特色社会主义法治道路、中国特色社会主义法治体系、中国特色社会主义法治理论、在法治轨道上推进国家治理现代化等一系列基本理论。在推进方略板块,明确提出了坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一,坚持依宪治国、依宪执政,坚持统筹推进依规治党和依法治国,坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合,坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进和法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设,坚持全面推进科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法,坚持统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治,坚持专业力量和群众力量相融合,坚持抓关键少数和抓绝大多数相结合。在重大关系板块,明确提出了正确处理政治与法治、改革与法治、政策与法律、发展与安全、活力与秩序、维权与维稳等一系列关系的方法。     

论中国民法典婚姻家庭编的立法理念与制度新规

《民法典》婚姻家庭编的编纂,根据加强国家对婚姻家庭的保护、倡导重视家庭文明建设、尊重婚姻家庭当事人的意思自治、注重夫妻婚姻家庭地位的平等、注重儿童最大利益原则的贯彻、注意保护婚姻家庭弱者的权益等立法理念,新增或修改补充了24项制度或规则,主要包括:在"一般规定"章中,新增婚姻家庭受国家保护原则,增设婚姻家庭文明建设的倡导性规定,确立最有利于被收养人原则,界定亲属的种类、近亲属和家庭成员的范围;在"结婚"章中,减少禁止结婚和无效婚姻的法定事由,修改补充可撤销婚姻制度,新增重大疾病的如实告知义务、婚姻无效或被撤销无过错方的损害赔偿请求权;在"家庭关系"章中,新增夫妻家事代理权及其限制规则、夫妻共同债务认定规则、婚内析产规则、亲子关系的确认与否认之诉规则;在"离婚"章中,新增离婚冷静期、婚姻关系解除的时间,补充诉讼离婚准予离婚的法定事由、离婚时处理子女抚养问题规则、离婚夫妻共同财产分割原则,修改离婚经济补偿、离婚经济帮助的适用条件,增加离婚损害赔偿法定事由的兜底条款;在"收养"章中,放宽被收养人的年龄和收养子女的人数限制,修改收养人的条件,增加收养评估规则等。     

From Text to Image: The Sacred Foundation of Western Institutional Order: Legal-Semiotic Perspectives

The paper analyzes the sacred foundations of Western institutional order, moving from an epistemological, historical and legal–aesthetic perspective. Firstly, it identifies an epistemological theory of complexity which, pursuing Hayek’s theory of complexity, Robilant’s notion of informative–normative systems, Popper’s theory of the Worlds, and Dupuy’s theory of endogenous fixed point, will conclusively lead to presenting the hypothesis of World 0 as the World of the foundation of legal thinking, the home of the sacred and the aesthetic. Secondly, it identifies the axiological character of the legal aesthetic as a discipline, a topic that will be taken up in relation to the work of the French historian of canonical law and psychoanalyst Legendre, starting from the analysis of a legal/historiographical context (Corpus Iuris Civilis, Corpus Iuris Canonici, Hobbesian Leviathan, Kelsenian Grundnorm). Thirdly, following Ellul’s thought on secularization, the idea that we now live in a secularized, lay society, lacking in the sacred is revealed as a sort of illusion, the creation of a myth of modernity, only apparently rational. Finally the paper proposes as the task of legal theory the identification of the system of “nomograms” in which the normative message is organized, according to a nonreductionistic approach that forces legal theory to recognize the plurality of the iconic forms of the normative message. The “nomograms” respond to the need of extending the field of legal science to phenomena that the positivist theory of law does not consider important, but which the process of evolution of contemporary society imposes.     

我国当前民间借贷的特点、问题及其法律对策

我国当前民间借贷市场已经进入高级阶段,资金供需两旺,并具有迅速走红网络经济的发展趋势。然而,民间借贷相关立法滞后,市场监管缺位,司法主导突出,整个市场呈现出产生发展的内生化、投资主体的多元化、交易形式的电子化、法律规则的零散化、法律地位的尴尬化以及裁判结果依赖指导性解释等特征。民间借贷组织的主体地位问题、民间借贷合同的效力认定问题、民间借贷利率的法律管制问题、网络借贷平台的风险控制问题以及民间借贷交易的信息监测问题等日益突出,加强监管立法和监管机构主动执法,依法规范民间借贷行为,严厉打击高利贷,已成为金融生态建设中民间借贷法律规制的必然选择。     

论行政诉讼制度的完善与发展——《行政诉讼法》修订之构想

现行《行政诉讼法》已远不能适应现实需要 ,其修改势在必行。《行政诉讼法》的修订目标是解决行政诉讼实践中存在的问题、实现人权公约的承诺、满足入世的要求及扩充行政诉讼的功能。在具体制度上 ,应从诉讼类型、受案范围、审级制度、当事人制度、审理程序、庭审方式、审理标准、证据规则至判决制度等方面进行全面修改。此外 ,对《行政诉讼法》的修订还需要关注制度的外围环境和配套制度的建立健全。     

需要干预经济关系论——一种经济法的认知模式

需要干预经济关系论基于对市场缺陷的动态性、干预成本的不可避免、政府失灵的普遍存在以及法治的功能局限的认识 ,界定了国家干预的范围 ,确立了干预者和被干预者之间的双向互动制衡关系 ,因而蕴含了均衡干预、有效干预、经济民主、被干预者对干预者的干预以及经济法权威的价值理念。在实践中 ,需要干预经济关系论有助于确定国家与市场的职能边界 ,有助于克服制度僵化 ,及时进行制度变迁 ,有助于促进政府体制改革 ,克服国家完全理性假设     

Distribution of the minutiae in the fingerprints of a sample of the Spanish population

One of the fundamental aspects of the process of identification through fingerprints is the comparison of the minutiae between the fingermark obtained at the scene of the crime and the suspect's corresponding finger. There is no scientific basis in this process that allows the use of numerical standards, such as those kept in different countries, to obtain the identification. The recent mistakes made in the field of dactyloscopy, together with the growing rigor and scrutiny that forensic evidence undergoes in the legislative and scientific areas, have resulted in the need to reconsider some of the basic principles that support this discipline. A probabilistic estimation of the evidential value is especially necessary; therefore, it is indispensable to know and quantify the variability of the features used in the identification process. The sample studied for this research was obtained from 100 Caucasian men and 100 Caucasian women from the Spanish population, which amounts to a total of 2000 fingerprints. The different types of minutiae were located, identified, and quantified visually on the fingerprint, in four sectors, and inside and outside of a circle, whose radius cut, perpendicularly, fifteen ridges starting from the center cut of the axes that defined the sectors. According to the results obtained in this study, through dactyloscopic identification, the weight of the evidence of a minutia, such as the ridge endings, with frequencies between 55% and 65%, according to the area and gender evaluated, cannot be the same as that of a bifurcation or convergence, with frequencies of 13-18% or those of other minutiae that show frequencies lower than 3%. The significant differences found in the topological distribution of the endings, bifurcations, and convergences show the need to take into account, for its demonstrational value, the finger area in which they are evaluated. The significant association observed between the types of minutiae and the different fingers revealed a greater frequency of endings on the thumb and index fingers, and bifurcations and convergences on the middle, ring, and little fingers.     

论我国行政主体的WTO观念

加入WTO、参与经济全球一体化的发展 ,我国行政主体在管理观念、体制、程序、方式等方面都面临一系列的重大变革 ,其中观念的更新是所有转变的前提。这主要表现为 :破除封闭性、地方性、本土性观念 ,培育国际规则、国际平等与国际接轨的国际化观念 ;破除狭隘性、特殊性、模糊性、垄断性观念 ,树立行政立法、行政执法等的全局性、整体性、明确性与统一性观念 ;破除“官本位”、强制观 ,树立“民本位”、服务观 ;破除软弱涣散、消极观 ,或无所不管的“全能”观 ,树立行政行为优化干预观。     

农村老年协会发展的政治学启示——以宁波市北仑区H村为个案

在村民自治的民主实践过程中,群众组织发挥了重要作用。本文以宁波市北仑区H村为个案,对该村老年协会进行了考察。讨论了老年协会在维护老年人权益,进行民主监督,提高社会风尚,丰富村庄娱乐生活的基础上,阐述了老年协会在实现社会公平、提高民主绩效、重建关怀伦理、增强共同体认同等方面发挥的重要作用及其有益启示。     

论中国土地使用权制度的完善——兼评三部《中华人民共和国民法》(草案)的相关规定

中国土地使用权制度的立法完善,包括未来<民法典>的制定,应当被理解为一种变法,一种观念的变革,要敢于突破现有的概念.我国现有的三部<中华人民共和国民法>(草案)虽然各具特色,但在其土地使用权制度构建方面却都存在着某些问题.在<民法典>起草的过程中通过争论及时发现问题,并集思广益提出解决问题的办法将有助于<民法典>(草案)的不断进步和完善.因此,本文在认真检讨三部<民法典>(草案)中土地使用权制度的基础上,构建包括地上权、用益权、农地租赁权、地役权以及土地权利登记和流转的新型土地使用权制度,为我国<民法典>中土地使用权制度的完善提供一种可供选择的思路.     

检察机关与侦查、审判机关配合制约机制的现状分析及完善

在我国刑事诉讼制度中,检察机关与侦查机关之间主要围绕侦查分工和追诉目标形成相应的配合制约机制;检察机关与审判机关之间则围绕查清犯罪事实和管辖程序展开配合、围绕裁判和审理程序展开制约。检察机关主要通过通知立案、通知撤案、不捕、不诉、追捕、追诉、纠正违法等方式对侦查机关进行制约,侦查机关则通过对不捕、不诉决定的复议、复核等方式对检察机关进行制约;检察机关主要通过抗诉和纠正违法对审判机关进行制约,审判机关则通过无罪判决、改变指控等对检察机关进行制约。在司法实践中,检察机关还通过侦诉协作、附条件逮捕、建议撤案和地方政法委协调等方式与侦查机关和审判机关进行配合。总体而言,在检察机关与侦查、审判机关之间的配合制约体系中还存在制约范围不全面、制约手段有限、制约结构不稳定、配合机制缺乏约束力、配合范围不明确、考核评价机制不协调等问题。对此,应当分别加以解决和完善。     

The Role of Fantasy in a Serial Sexual Offender: A Brief Review of the Literature and a Case Report

Abstract: Extensive research has attempted to elucidate the role of fantasy in sexual offending. In this paper, the authors summarize the main results of the literature, especially the contents, themes, dynamics, etiopathogenesis, and potential functions of fantasy in sexual offending. Further, the authors analyze the case of a serial sexual offender who assaulted 39 women. The forensic‐psychiatric assessment revealed that his fantasies of forced sex, sexual coercion, and dominance, which were linked to narcissistic personality organization and functioning, were the primary drive mechanism in his crimes, because he imagined himself in the role of the aggressor, identified with the power associated with the role of perpetrator, and was sexually aroused by such images of omnipotent control of the victim. In conclusions, the authors suggest that fantasies of sexual aggression, coercion, and dominance of women may stimulate grandiosity and omnipotence and, in a minority of cases, may lead to sexual offending.     

从“行政管理”到“国家治理”：执法理念的法治化回应

随着社会自治领域的日益扩大,以国家权力为核心的一元权力结构逐渐解体,公共权力领域和私权领域的二元性分化开始显现,治理型政府取代管理型政府已逐步成为现代政府建构的主导形态.随着法治国家的不断演进,单纯的形式法治已经无法适应治理型政府的内涵与要求,作为一种更为合乎权利保障要求的法治形式,实质法治亦将在执法过程中发挥其独特的作用.执法理念与执法目的的变迁必然影响到执法理念的更新与升级.管制范式下的干预性执法、惩戒性执法、自卫性执法、专断性执法等理念需要转变,给付性执法、恢复性执法、履职性执法以及参与性执法等理念将逐渐形成.     

警察权软实力的建构

在传统观念中,将＂暴力＂、＂强制＂、＂武装＂等作为警察最主要的属性,必然导致在警察权的设置上强化其暴力性或强制性,在警察权的运作过程中常采用暴力或强制的方式。随着社会的发展,这种传统的警察观和警察权力观与人类文明的进步不相适应,也与其自身在现代社会中的存在价值和根本职能不相符合。构建和谐社会对警察权提出了新的要求。应当通过合理定位现代警察权的职能和角色,准确设立警察权的运作目标,正确树立警察权行使的理念,科学选择警察权的运作模式和依法改进警察权的实施方式,来建构警察权的软实力,以保障警察权的设置和运作能适应社会和谐发展的新要求。     

士商契合与明清性灵思潮的演变

明代中期的李梦阳、康海和王世贞等在商贾之风的影响下转变心态,由格调转向性灵,为明清性灵思潮的孕育期;晚明公安三袁、钟惺、谭元春以及郑元勋等将性灵思潮推向高峰,其重要的动因之一是士商心灵上的契合;清代中叶袁枚、赵翼等与商贾以性灵为核心的契合,以及群体交流、领袖风范、老成气度、超旷心目上的影响,促进了性灵说的成熟和完备.商贾的活跃,尤其是士与商的相互交流、相互影响,是袁枚等人集明清性灵文学思想之大成的重要动因.     

The Italian Post War Fiscal Constitution: Reasons of a Failure

If the Italian Constitution shall be changed, to transform Italy in a semi-Presidential Republic-as in the project of constitutional revision recently approved by the Parliamentary Committee for Constitutional Reforms-the President of the Republic, elected by the people, shall become the natural guardian of the fiscal constitution, under direct control of the public opinion (17). He should, then, be staffed with an office, to check the conformity of laws to the fiscal constitutional rules and claims might be addressed by a qualified number of Parliamentarians, in addition to the Court of Accounts, to him. The chain connecting the President of the Republic to the Parliament, in this new constitutional model, will be broken. And hardly the President could stand still, in case of open violation of the rules of the fiscal constitution by the Government on the Parliament, because of the risk of loss of reputation. If he were to overlook negative checks by the Court of Accounts, his behaviour would greatly damage his credibility among the electors. Thus, it seems that the difference in the model of State, whether is a parliamentary system or a system where the President of the Republic is elected by the people, has much to do with the workability of a fiscal constitution aiming to monetary and fiscal soundness.     

风险刑法理论的批判与反思

风险刑法理论曲解了风险社会理论,尤其是风险范畴的真实含义,混淆了风险社会的风险与传统社会的风险。该理论针对的是传统社会的风险,它对于传统刑法理论的颠覆是无根据的。风险社会的风险具有全球性、未知性、系统性、两面性,在古典工业社会的背景下,它们被合法化为现代化的"潜在副作用",古典工业社会的刑法无法化解风险社会的风险。风险社会的危机属于系统危机,需要系统性地解决,这首先有赖于科学和政治的制度性反思。面对风险社会的危机,刑法既不应无所作为,也不应鲁莽冒进,而应当是反思性的。     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.     

公共治理困境与公法学的理性回应

公共治理是公共行政领域一种方兴未艾的模式,但公共治理不是万能的,也存在治理"失灵",存在政府"空心化",公共行政"能力赤字"、问责过程的复杂化、成本—收益计算模糊化、公众对政府的信任度降低等困境。公共治理不仅是一个政治学术语,也是重要的法学范畴,主要表现为公共治理以依法治理为前提,是公民参与、协商合作的持续互动,是追求平等、权利、尊严的过程。所以,面对公共治理的困境,法学策略显得尤为重要,应当彰显公共利益,树立有限政府理念,增强政府核心能力;厘清责任链,建立责任政府,加强非政府组织的责任承担能力;引入成本—收益核算机制,提高公共治理的效率;减少宪法规定的社会权种类,加强国家对民生的保障力度。     

试论行政组织法治下的行政体制改革

目前,我国仍然面临制度短缺和法制不健全的问题,现实的法律与政府的自身改革经常会出现一定程度的张力。行政体制改革作为整个改革的重要组成部分,需要借助宪政和法治的精神、原则,以法律的方式进行制度重塑,明晰行政改革权的相关问题,实现行政编制的政策调整转向法律调整,明确政府职能的目标与定位,健全政府组织法体系,加快行政程序制度建设,重新调整和配置行政权力,使其合乎法治化的要求,破解行政体制改革过程中遇到的深层次体制性障碍,防止行政体制改革失范与无序。