聚焦德国问题

围绕美国对伊动武政策 ,欧洲和美国之间以及欧洲国家内部之间分歧日增 ,危机频发 ,欧美关系呈现出复杂、松散、多元、多变的特点。聚焦德国问题 ,将有助于世人在当前扑朔迷离、令人眼花缭乱的外交纷争中清理思路、明辨方向。伊拉克危机是一个重要的标识和信号 ,表明统一德国已经重新步入世界政治大国行列。新起的世界政治大国必然会对现有世界秩序与格局形成冲击 ,德美关系已经陷入深重危机 ,欧美关系以及欧洲内部出现的分裂也都与德国有着直接关系。德国为什么会在国际关系中居于重要地位 ,显示出巨大的冲击作用 ?其重新获得的世界政治大国作用的实质内容是什么 ?将对国际关系产生何种影响 ?这些是本文探讨的主要问题。     

试析曲折发展中的欧洲防务联合

欧洲防务联合是欧盟一体化建设不可或缺的组成部分,也是欧盟政治一体化建设的最终目标和重要保障。近年来,受法国、荷兰否决欧盟条约,欧盟中期预算危机以及德国、西班牙等成员国大选等因素的冲击,欧盟一体化进程整体受挫,被迫驶入“慢车道”。但是,防务领域的建设并未受到实质性影响,共同安全和防务政策不仅继续稳步推进,甚至在维和方面有所突破。文章对欧洲防务联合的历史进程进行了详细的回顾与梳理,之后指出了它的最新进展和继续发展所面临的困难。     

欧洲经济宪法的发展及其对共同市场的规制——以自由竞争与自由流动为例

"经济宪法"概念是德国弗莱堡学派用于整合其秩序自由主义思想的核心工具,它对"欧洲经济宪法"的形成和发展发挥了重要影响。由于欧盟是一个"没有国家的市场",法律在对市场的规制方面发挥的作用就愈加重要。在欧盟半个多世纪的发展过程中,"欧洲经济宪法"也愈益完善,并以自由竞争与自由流动这两个原则为核心,建构了一系列规范共同市场、成员国与私人经济体之间关系的宪法性原则,从而在保障欧洲市场统一的同时,也有效地实现了保护个人自由等政治目的。     

德国对华政策的特殊性及其对欧盟对华政策的影响

冷战后德国对华政策的重心始终围绕发展贸易关系，政治和战略考量居于次要地位。作为欧盟最大的经济体，德国对于欧盟对华贸易政策的偏好具有重要影响；但是国内利益的非中心化，一定程度上制约了德国对欧盟最终决策的影响。欧债危机使德国在欧洲的地位发生微妙变化。德国作为国际秩序新的“构建力量”的角色定位，表明德国是一支不断发展的力量，其心态与式微的英法有所不同。     

从文化共同体到后古典民族国家:德国民族国家演进浅析

长期封建割据造成德国民族国家的形成晚于英、法等传统西方国家。其建立民族国家的路径是先有民族,后有国家。德国民族国家是建立在由血缘、历史、语言、文化等要素构成的"文化共同体"的基础上,这一文化共同体同时也构成了德国民族认同的核心要素。受到历史和地缘政治因素的影响,德国民族国家的发展道路较为特殊,这也决定了其融入西方过程的曲折与漫长。20世纪90年代,两德重新统一后,德国与其他欧盟成员国一样进入后古典民族国家形态,将主权部分地让渡给超国家共同体。德国民族国家目前需要解决的是欧盟治理结构中的"新德国问题"。     

“去议会化”还是“再议会化”?——欧盟的双重民主建构

欧洲共同体/欧洲联盟作为新型政治形态的出现与发展,对建立在民族国家基础上的传统政治学理论提出了诸多挑战,特别是《马斯特里赫特条约》生效之后,欧洲政治一体化不断深入,欧盟的权能也不断扩大,其政策领域涉及的范围越来越广,并且开始越来越多地触及与成员国主权有关的敏感问题,从而引起了对于欧盟是否具有民主合法性的愈益广泛的关注。而2008年以来的国际金融危机使得欧盟"民主赤字"问题再次成为人们关注的焦点,特别是欧盟决策机制缺乏民主监督的问题。本文认为,事实上,欧盟多年来一直致力于通过多种途径,特别是通过加强欧洲议会和成员国议会在欧盟决策程序中的作用和影响来改善和增强民主,以构建一种双重民主。到目前为止,这种"双重民主"途径对于增强欧盟的民主合法性起到了重要作用。     

全球与区域中的国际权力变化与转移——以德国全球价值链的研究为视角

作为欧洲最大的经济体,德国的经济实力源于自身在欧盟区域价值链中的核心地位,并在全球价值链和区域价值链中占据重要位置。德国成功地将自身经济力量转化为引领欧盟一体化方向的主导权,领导欧盟应对欧债危机、难民危机和乌克兰危机等各种挑战。在此过程中,德国基本承接了区域内权力的转移,并在国际舞台上发挥了较大的影响力。本文将经济学范畴下的"全球价值链"理论与国际关系理论下的"权力转移"概念相结合,以此来分析德国掌握欧盟区域主要权力的原因与表现方式,并借此探索全球价值链与国际权力的内在关系。     

国际金融危机冲击下的欧盟汽车业:影响、对策与前景

汽车业是欧盟的支柱产业和重要优势产业。国际金融危机爆发后,它成为欧盟实体经济中最早遭受重创的部门之一。本文旨在对欧盟汽车业受危机冲击的表现与原因、欧盟的危机救助措施及其效果、中长期产业政策等进行分析、总结与评价。分析表明,欧盟汽车业陷入危机不仅是需求锐减与信贷收紧等短期因素所致,而且进一步凸显了该行业中长期结构转型的迫切性。与此相适应,欧盟的救助方案强调将旨在保存实力的短期措施与提高竞争力的中长期发展战略相结合。总体而言,救助方案基本实现了帮助汽车业摆脱危机的预期目标。然而,该行业的中期表现仍有赖于世界经济的全面复苏,其长期竞争力更取决于能否抓住后危机时代的机遇成功地推进结构转型与升级。     

欧盟危机背景下的德国领导有效性分析——以领导理论为分析框架

领导理论是研究领导有效性的理论,其研究最早兴起于企业管理领域,并不断扩展至组织行为学、心理学、社会学和政治学。欧盟治理过程中存在着大量领导者和追随者的互动现象,但是较少使用领导理论来进行分析。在现阶段,欧盟面临多重危机,德国被视为领导欧盟成员国规避、克服危机的主要力量。以领导理论为分析框架,将其应用于欧洲一体化和欧盟治理研究,分析德国领导有效性问题,能够突破思维定势,增强对复杂现象的解释力。     

欧债危机中的“德国角色”辨析

欧洲主权债务危机推动并放大了德国在欧盟的地位和作用。欧盟成员国出于不同的政策理念和利益诉求,对德国在危机中的表现持不同期待和评价,反映出巨大的认知差距。其中,"专制领导"、"犹豫领导"以及"法德主导"是三种典型认知。上述多重认知是欧盟制度缺陷、法德行为方式以及成员国利益分歧等一系列因素综合作用的结果。欧盟建设当前处于关键节点,德国如何应对上述认知,进行政策选择,对于欧盟建设至关重要。     

Will Japan go nuclear? Myth and reality

Predominant international relations theory holds that a state will stop at nothing to protect itself and survive in a basically anarchic international environment. Matake Kamiya confronts recent speculation that Japan is unlikely to be an exception to this rule. To convince others, he states, Japan must show specifically why the choice to remain nonnuclear serves its national interests, despite its latent capability to develop nuclear weapons. Kamiya is Assistant Professor of International Relations at the National Defense Academy of Japan; recently, he also served as Distinguished Research Fellow at the Centre for Strategic Studies in New Zealand.     

Nationalist in a Liberal Order: Why Populism Missed Japan

In the past few years, many wealthy democracies have exhibited significant backlash against the liberal international order. Why has Japan—also a leader of this order—remained comparatively calm? I argue that though Japan was a prominent member of the liberal international order, in many ways it pursued policies far less liberal than those of its partners. Japanese trade policies (lingering trade barriers in in agriculture and non-tariff barriers in industrial sector) protected different sectors of the Japanese economy. Where Japan did liberalize, the government upheld the social compact of extending benefits to dislocated workers. Furthermore, Japan’s strict immigration policy contrasts with far more welcoming immigration policies in Europe and the United States. Tokyo deferred to public skepticism about immigration (rather than disregarding it, as did American and European leaders). The more nationalist agenda of a leading liberal state is critical for understanding both the roots of the current crisis in the liberal international order—and how it might be saved.     

The Role of Leaders in Intra-Alliance Bargaining

This article develops a theory about the role of leaders in long-term international bargaining, specifically in the context of negotiations within existing military alliances. The international relations literature suggests that domestic opposition (to cooperation on a particular issue) increases a state’s bargaining power vis-á-vis its negotiating partner. This study confirms that domestic opposition to cooperation generally increases a state’s bargaining power at the international level, but it suggests that domestic opposition to the state’s leader – which affects the leader’s vulnerability – does not have a uniform effect on the country’s bargaining power. It demonstrates the central role a state leader plays in international bargaining and explains the dynamics of alliance negotiations left unexplained in the literature. In order to examine the argument, this study uses “structured, focused comparison” of the U.S. alliances with Japan and Spain.     

The African state and the failure of US counter-terrorism initiatives in Africa: The cases of Nigeria and Mali

Counter-terrorism initiatives are failing across the African continent. A major reason for this failure lies in the state-centric and military-focused nature of many counter-terrorism initiatives. In Africa, the state is often the source of insecurity for ordinary citizens. Any military strengthening of an illegitimate African state by the international community not only serves to bolster a predatory state but also undermines the human security of citizens. More importantly, such an approach conflates sub-state and international terrorism and serves to bolster the latter, thereby undermining regional and international security further. Put simply, current counter-terrorism initiatives are counter-productive. This paper focuses on counter-terrorism efforts in Nigeria and Mali with a special focus on US initiatives to combat terrorism in the region.     

State,bureaucracy and polity in modern Thai politics

We test the comparative foreign labor policies of Korea and Japan within a vein of international relations literature addressing the effects of international norms on changes in state policies. Building on the efforts to emphasize a state's domestic structure as a source of variations in the impact of international norms, this study enriches this debate further by demonstrating the role of the Korean state in developing international human rights norms domestically. In contrast to the previous studies that tend to dichotomize between states and human rights activists, which result in focusing their empirical studies on the question of whether states are constrained in developing immigration policies under the influence of international human rights norms, we demonstrate that state actors in coalition with human rights activists were actively involved in the process of enacting the Employment of Foreign Workers Act (EFWA) in Korea. More precisely, by offering a detailed account of how Korea finally suc ceeded in adopting the EFWA in 2003 after two failed attempts in 1997 and 2000, we attribute the success to the more extensive, organized pro-foreign workers coalition of state actors and human rights activists over the course of actions. When this observation is applied to Japan, the absence of an active role of the state accounts for Japan's relative silence on the EFWA.     

可持续发展位:当代国际关系研究的新视角

研究视角的选择对于国际关系理论的构建具有重要的意义.在新的时代背景下,由生态位发展而来的可持续发展位可作为当代国际关系研究的新视角.可持续发展位有其特定的内涵,它与综合国力、国家权力、国家利益和国家的国际地位有着密切联系,但又存在着重大区别.可持续发展位对当代国际关系研究具有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义.     

试析国家利益的内涵与特征

国家利益是一个跨学科的概念,不同的学科以不同的视角看待国家利益,自然有不同的解释.国际关系学应该从国家在国际格局中的互动关系和相互影响的角度来探讨、界定国家利益.国际关系学讲的国家利益,应该是指国家在国际格局中的位置、状态、地位等方面的损益,它具有整体性、层次性、互动性等特点.     

Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power,Prosperity and Poverty

This study addresses compliance and business practices at the local level subsequent to the international adoption of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme by states and the adoption of the voluntary System of Warranties by the diamond industry. This paper also explores the distance between norm creation, norm sustainability and norm expansion. Interests of various stakeholders led to the creation of international norms, and evidence supports widespread compliance at the state level. Data gathered at the local level of retailer suggests, however, that the regulatory system is not leading to the education of consumers that potentially transforms beliefs. Central to understanding the challenge of deepening and broadening new global norms is exploring the distance between compliance within the regulatory regime and the awareness or change of beliefs of stakeholders. Recommendations include steps to make the process of bringing diamonds to market transparent and available to public scrutiny.     

Indigenous Military Inclusion: A Settler Colonial Critique of the Regional Force Surveillance Units

In the context of this special issue's inquiry into whether it is possible to decolonise Australian international relations, this article investigates the service of Indigenous people in the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The military is a crucial site to investigate the colonial state of Australian international relations not only because it is an institution that performs key international relations practices such as war and diplomacy, but also because it defines and projects the identity of the state both domestically and internationally. In the past two decades, there has been a sustained effort to include Indigenous people in the ADF. An inclusive and multicultural defence purports to represent a post-colonial state where Indigenous and non-Indigenous people stand next to one another for the defence of their shared country. However, in Australia, Indigenous people do not enjoy the wealth of the nation equally and remain dispossessed from their land and economically disadvantaged. Using discourse analysis of publicly available materials praising Indigenous military inclusion, this article argues that the inclusion of Indigenous people in the Australian Defence Force risks further entrenching the settler colonial project.     

The Social Role of African Music

The well-known South African collector of indigenous music visitedBritain last autumn to collect funds for an international Africanmusic library to be organised by the African Music Society ofJohannesburg. In the course of this mission, which was successful,Mr. Tracey gave a lecture demonstration to members of the InternationalAfrican Institute, Royal Empire Society and Royal African Society.We reproduce the remarks he then made, with an indication ofthe music he played.