互易毒品行为的刑法性质评析

贩卖毒品罪中的卖出行为本质上以买卖关系为基础,互易毒品行为与之存在着性质差别。有偿性交付毒品和买卖毒品是不能划等号的,有偿性只是贩卖毒品的一个特征,而不是买卖行为的独自属性。将互易毒品行为认定为贩卖行为在逻辑上存在着大前提的判断错误。以毒品代物清偿同样不属于贩卖毒品。一概视为贩卖毒品罪违背了罪刑法定原则。只有通过完善立法,将提供毒品行为立法入罪,才能从根本上解决问题。     

运输毒品行为的定性

运输毒品,是指明知是毒品而非法运输的行为。运输毒品行为根据运输目的的不同可以分为为贩卖而运输毒品、为转移而运输毒品以及为吸食而运输毒品。并非所有的运输毒品行为都构成运输毒品罪,认定运输毒品时应结合其目的分别以贩卖毒品罪、运输毒品罪和非法持有毒品罪定罪处罚,但是,如果为吸食而运输的毒品数量较小则不作为犯罪处理。     

贩卖毒品罪未遂标准的正本清源

司法实践中关于贩卖毒品罪的未遂标准问题值得反思。贩卖毒品罪既遂与未遂的认定,应以行为人是否实际交付毒品为标准。行为人已经实际交付毒品的是贩卖毒品罪的既遂;行为人由于意志以外的原因尚未实际交付毒品的是贩卖毒品罪的未遂。以是否实际完成毒品交付作为判断贩卖毒品罪既遂和未遂的标准,既是基于既遂形态对行为犯量的规定性,也是由既遂形态对行为犯质的规定性所决定的,这一标准符合犯罪未得逞的事实和本质特征。对于实践中常见的因价格谈不拢或因交易对象变更而未完成毒品交易的情形,应当按照贩卖毒品罪的未遂来处理。     

未成年人毒品犯罪刑法适用若干问题研究

已满14岁不满16岁的未成年人不应对走私、运输、制造毒品行为负刑事责任,也不应对贩卖毒品行为承担刑事责任;未成年人毒品犯罪不属于罪行极其严重的犯罪,对未成年人毒品犯罪不应适用无期徒刑;所有未成年人毒品犯罪都不应适用罚金刑。     

关于审理毒品犯罪案件的几个问题

一、同一被告人实施了多种毒品犯罪行为的定罪问题 我们认为。同一被告人实施了多种毒品犯罪行为,应根据不同情况分别处理: 同一被告人在同类毒品犯罪中实施了多种犯罪行为,应选择其中一个重行为定罪,不宜搞数罪并罚。《决定》规定了几种同类犯罪,如第二条就将走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品规定为同类犯罪。若被告人既有走私毒品行为,又有运输、贩卖毒品行为。此时应选择其中次数最多、数额最大等情节最重的一种行为     

代购毒品行为的司法认定

对于代购毒品行为的司法认定,首先要对代购毒品中的“代购”作出准确界定,即对受托人的地位作出形式判定,受托人自行寻找毒源并完成毒品交付,是独立的毒品犯罪交易主体,成立贩卖毒品罪正犯。其次将牟利与否作为代购毒品行为准确定性的关键要素,代购者收取、私自截留部分购毒款、毒品或在交通、食宿等必要开销之外收取“介绍费”“劳务费”,认定为加价或变相加价牟利情形,以贩卖毒品罪论处;代购者从托购者事先联系的贩毒者处,为托购者购买仅用于吸食的毒品,收取、私自截留少量毒品供自己吸食的或者蹭吸、共吸的,一般不认定为贩卖毒品罪;对于非牟利型代购毒品行为,则从主观方面和代购毒品数量进一步认定。     

贩卖毒品罪实证分析

适应毒品犯罪的客观形势,1997年刑法的一个重要修改点是细化和完善了毒品犯罪的罪名和法定刑。本文采取实证分析的方法,借助社会科学量化分析软件平台,对毒品犯罪中的多发性犯罪———贩卖毒品罪在司法实践中的应用进行了实证考察,寻找到贩卖毒品罪的一些特点,发现司法机关在处理贩卖毒品罪时并没有严格遵循罪刑法定原则和法定量刑准则,并从立法、司法和刑法理论的角度提出了自己的看法。     

持有型罪群证明责任、立法评析及司法适用

持有是作为与不作为之外的第三种行为;持有型犯罪的证明责任,从根本上说是一种推定;持有假币罪和非法持有毒品罪的法定刑配置过重;持有型犯罪与其上游或者下游犯罪之间是补充关系的法规竞合;持有型犯罪没有未遂和中止存在的余地,只有成不成立犯罪的问题;家庭成员之间一般不宜作为持有的共同犯罪处理;持有型犯罪罪状中的"明知"字样以去掉为宜.     

以毒品抵扣借款是否构成贩卖毒品罪

【裁判要旨】提供毒品给吸毒者吸食以抵扣借款的行为应区别对待:如果行为人以毒品抵扣借款而从中赚取差价,此种行为符合贩卖毒品而从中牟利的行为构成要件,应认定属于贩卖毒品犯罪;如果有证据证明行为人不以牟利为目的而为借     

论持有型犯罪的客观方面及刑法评价——兼论巨额财产来源不明罪的行为方式

持有型犯罪不同于作为或不作为犯罪,它是一种具有独立行为方式的犯罪类型。由于尚未造成任何法益的实际损害或危险状态,持有型犯罪因而是一种＂抽象危险犯＂。我国刑法分则规定的持有型犯罪包括涉及假币、枪支弹药、毒品等管制物品或限制流通物品的犯罪,不包括巨额财产来源不明罪。巨额财产来源不明罪是纯正的不作为犯罪。刑法对持有型犯罪的规定体现了国家刑罚权的扩张,对持有型犯罪的刑罚设置应当谨慎,应当体现现代刑法理论中的轻刑化思想。     

PATTERNS OF DRUG USE,DRUG TRAFFICKING,AND OTHER DELINQUENCY AMONG INNER-CITY ADOLESCENT MALES IN WASHINGTON,D.C.*

This paper examines (1) the relationship between drug involvement among inner-city youths and the commission of other kinds of crime, (2) the role of drug use in crime commission, (3) the connection between crime and drug procurement, and (4) the factors that distinguish between individuals as a function of (a) levels of involvement in drug trafficking and (b) drug usage and criminal activity. Drug use and trafficking were both related to other criminal activities; the type of drug involvement was related to the type of crimes reported. The heaviest users were significantly more likely than nonusers to commit property crimes and drug traffickers were significantly more likely to commit crimes against persons than were respondents who did not sell drugs. Adolescents who used and sold drugs were the most likely to commit crimes against persons and property, and at the greatest rate. Still, for every type of crime reported in the past year, only a minority of offenders reported ever using drugs while committing the crime or said that they committed any type of crime in order to obtain drugs or money to obtain drugs. Most youths appear to commit crime for reasons completely independent of drugs.     

毒品犯罪的犯罪学定性

从犯罪学的角度，根据毒品犯罪的特征，可以将毒品犯罪区分为五种，即：作为社会政治经济问题的毒品原植物大规模种植行为；作为有组织犯罪的毒品生产、制造和销售行为；作为街头犯罪的毒品零售行为和毒品原植物零星种植行为；作为白领犯罪的洗（毒）钱行为；作为无被害人犯罪的滥用毒品行为。基于犯罪性质的不同，应采取不同的对策。     

Models of South-East Asian Organised Crime Drug Operations in Queensland

In 2002, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) issued a report entitled Results of a pilot survey of forty selected organized criminal groups in sixteen countries which established five models of organised crime. This paper reviews these and other common organised crime models and drug trafficking models, and applies them to cases of South East Asian drug trafficking in the Australian state of Queensland. The study tests the following hypotheses: (1) South-East Asian drug trafficking groups in Queensland will operate within a criminal network or core group; (2) Wholesale drug distributors in Queensland will not fit consistently under any particular UN organised crime model; and (3) Street dealers will have no organisational structure. The study concluded that drug trafficking or importation closely resembles a criminal network or core group structure. Wholesale dealers did not fit consistently into any UN organised crime model. Street dealers had no organisational structure as an organisational structure is typically found in mid- to high-level drug trafficking.     

运输毒品罪既遂、未遂问题探析

基于运输毒品罪是行为犯这一特性,运输毒品罪应以运输行为的完成(即运输毒品抵达目的地)为既遂。若行为人着手实行后,由于行为人意志以外的原因而未能运抵目的地,则是运输毒品罪未遂。鉴于毒品犯罪的共同犯罪形式较为常见,其既遂、未遂问题应参照单独犯的标准予以认定。当共同犯罪是以共犯(狭义)和正犯方式组合,应以“二重性说”为基础来认定,当共同犯罪是以共同正犯形态进行,则应以“整体既遂说”予以认定。     

Implications of cross-border crime risks in an open Europe

It is to be expected that the development of an open economic space within the E.C. and the increased accessibility of Eastern Europe will lead to new patterns of cross-border crimes. So do the risks of becoming a victim of one of those crimes. However, the risks may not be spread evenly: some markets may become more affected by crime-entrepreneurs than other markets, though most attention is devoted to drug trafficking and drug money related money-laundering. However, organized drug trafficking and organized fraud are not so neetly seperated. From crimeentrepreneurial point of view one can broadly speak of cross-border crime markets in European regions.The criminological implications may be the development of Euro-crime markets in which crimeentrepreneurs develop lasting patterns of cooperation and cross-border organizations. This is already the case on the illicit drug market. Crime patterns on the field of organized commercial crime, toxic waste trafficking or EC-fraud point in the same direction. The implications for business and law enforcement alike are that without the development of new strategies of prevention and cross-border police investigations organized crime may well intertwine into the developiing European economic and social structure thus acquiring a corrosive foothold in the legitimate industry.     

谈互联网上毒品犯罪及对策

互联网因其现代化、科学化、高效率、高覆盖及无国界等优点,迅速走进人们的生活,同时也给不法之徒进行犯罪活动提供了契机。目前通过互联网订购、销售毒品、进行在线毒品交易、提供制毒配方等互联网上涉毒案件已出现,网上毒品犯罪已成为全球毒品犯罪的最新发展动向,引起各国政府及执法部门的高度关注。     

欧盟跨国拐卖人口犯罪管控研究

跨国拐卖人口犯罪是当今世界共同面临的重大犯罪问题,已成为全球第三大非法获利来源,被国际刑警组织称为“世界上增长最快的犯罪”。欧洲,长期以来已经成为世界人口贩卖的最大目的地。跨国拐卖人口这种21世纪的奴役形式严重损害了受害人的身心健康和人格尊严,严重地干扰了国际社会的正常社会秩序。上世纪八十年代末,跨国拐卖人口对国际组织和各国政府尚属边缘问题时,欧盟就开始对其进行研究,并积极考虑遏制对策、开展具体实践。几十年来,打击跨国拐卖人口犯罪已成为欧盟人权战略的一个重要特征。欧盟致力于在国内和世界各地使用“3P”做法来打击跨国拐卖人口犯罪：起诉贩运者,保护受害者以及预防未来犯罪。在打击、预防跨国拐卖人口犯罪过程中务实高效,立法和机制建设也比较成熟。近些年来,我国急剧上升的拐卖人口犯罪出现了一些新的特点。欧盟的做法为我国有效预防、依法打击拐卖人口犯罪,积极救助、妥善安置被拐卖受害人提供了样板和借鉴。     

当前边境地区走私、贩运毒品犯罪的特点研究

当前,受国际毒潮的影响,我国的毒品犯罪形势日趋严峻和复杂。而在毒品犯罪中,走私、贩运毒品犯罪占相当大的比 例。当前,边境地区的毒品犯罪呈现出策略灵活多变,雇佣贩毒突出,利用现代交通、通讯工具进行毒品的走私、贩运,人体藏匿毒品形 成新高潮等特点,需要予以重视。     

Criminal justice and the law in Mexico

Law enforcement in Mexico has not effectively prosecuted participants in organized crime and drug trafficking. Enforcing current laws to prosecutecriminals is difficult because members of the cartels have infiltrated andcorrupted the law enforcement organizations that are supposed to prosecutethem, such as the Office of the Attorney General. Changes in Mexican criminallaw in 1996, like harsher sentences for those who participate in organized crime, offer a legal foundation for improvement; additional changes shouldbe considered.