大鼠原发性脑干损伤早期脑干的免疫组织化学研究

用自制的簧片打击装置弹击大鼠枕骨结节，造成严重颅脑损伤或原发性脑干伤，取其脑干（中脑、桥脑及延髓）常规包埋、制片后作LSAB－FN染色。结果表明，在严重颅脑损伤及原发性脑干伤，可见FN沉积于血管周围间质、部分神经纤维内及一些神经细胞内，且随着损伤时间的延长，FN沉积量增加、范围增大。LSAB－FN法可用于生前原发性脑干伤与死后伤的鉴别和推断在3小时内损伤经过时间。     

外伤与肺部感染5例尸检分析

外伤与肺部感染５例尸检分析刘新社，张迪（１．西安医科大学法医系；西安７１００６１２．黑龙江省绥化地区中级人民法院；绥化１５２０００）ＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮＳＨＩＰＢＥＴＷＥＥＮＴＲＡＵＭＡＡＮＤＬＵＮＧＩＮＦＥＣＴＩＯＮ：ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦ５ＣＡＳＥＳ￥...     

大白鼠脑干损伤后脑组织中GFAP免疫组化改变的初步研究

采取针刺法造成实验大白鼠脑干损伤，用免疫组织化学ＬＳＡＢ法检测大脑、中脑、桥脑及延髓等不同部位脑组织中胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）的改变。结果发现，生前损伤３０ｍｉｎ，大脑顶部灰质及中脑腹例中央部的ＧＦＡＰ阳性星形胶质细胞数目增多；生前损伤６０ｍｉｎ，除大脑顶部灰质及中脑腹侧中央部外．大脑脑室角周边部、桥脑背侧中央部、延髓腹侧及背侧中央部的ＧＦＡＰ阳性星形胶质细胞数目亦增多。而死后损伤者，ＧＦＡＰ阳性星形胶质细胞数目不增多。说明ＧＦＡＰ阳性星形胶质细胞数目的改变可区别脑组织的生前损伤和死后改变，并可作为脑干损伤早期的诊断指标。     

头外伤后基底节区血肿的伤与病鉴别2例

头外伤后基底节区血肿的伤与病鉴别２例王宁敏，常林（北京最高人民检察院技术局；北京１００７２６北京市高级人民法院；北京１０００３９）ＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＴＩＡＴＩＮＧＴＲＡＵＭＡＴＩＣＡＮＤＨＹＰＥＲＴＥＮＳＩＶＥＢＡＳＡＬＧＡＮＧＬＩＡＨＡＥＭＡＴＯＭＡ...     

大鼠机械性脑干损伤早期延脑网状结构的超微病理研究

目的　探讨脑干损伤早期延脑网状结构的超微病理变化。方法　将实验大鼠分为创伤组和对照组,透射电镜观察大鼠机械性脑干损伤早期（１０ｍｉｎ,０ ．５ｈ,１ｈ ,３ｈ） 延脑网状结构的超微病理变化。结果　脑干损伤１０ｍｉｎ 即可见神经微丝（ｎｅｕｒｏｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔ, ＮＦ） 排列紊乱、疏密不均,ＮＦ 臂的缺失,髓鞘层面分离,轴膜内皱,与髓鞘间形成空隙,微血管周围基质密度降低以及线粒体肿胀等超微病变。脑干伤后存活时间延长,上述病变更为显著。本文就上述超微病变的形成机制及病理学意义进行了探讨。结论　脑干机械性损伤能够明显引起延脑网状结构的超微病理学变化,并增加个体快速死亡和免疫组化染色的易感性     

大鼠机械性脑干损伤早期延脑网状结构的超微病理研究

探讨脑干损伤早期延脑网状结构的超微病理变化。方法将实验大鼠分为创伤组织和对对照组,透射电镜观察大鼠机械性脑干损伤早期（１０ｍｉｎ,０．５ｈ,１ｈ,３ｈ）延脑网状结构的超微病理变化。结果脑干损伤１０ｍｉｎ即可见神经微丝（ｎｅｕｒｏｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔ,ＮＦ）排列紊乱,疏密不均,ＮＦ臂的缺失,髓鞘层分离,轴膜内皱与髓鞘间形空隙,微血管周围基质密度降低以及线粒体肿胀等超微病变。脑干伤后存活时间延长,上述病变     

3例难免流产的原因分析

３例难免流产的原因分析李凡，赵利辉，孙云飞，马淑玲（河南省洛阳医专法医学专业；洛阳４７１００３）ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＮＧＴＨＥＣＡＵＳＥＳＯＦＴＨＲＥＥＣＡＳＥＳＯＦＩＮＥＶＩＴＡＢＬＥＡＢＯＲＴＩＯＮ￥ＬｉＦａｎ；ＺｈａｏＬｉｈｕｉ；ＳｕｎＹｕｅｎｆｅｉ...     

原发性脑干挫伤的HE染色观察

目的观察原发性脑干挫伤的形态学特点。方法从465例致死性颅脑损伤中,检出171例有脑干挫伤病变、均于伤后10min～7d死亡者。脑干标本经福尔马林固定后,以脑干各颅神经根水平面等处切取检材,每例共8块,HE染色,光镜观察。结果 171例中有24例颅底骨折致脑干挫伤者,脑干横切面见小灶出血,其余只有在镜下方可见有组织出血、挫碎或撕裂等脑挫伤改变,以及对损伤的应激反应现象。结论原发性脑干挫伤的形态学具有一定特点,故对鉴定脑干损伤有着重要的参考价值。     

枕骨骨折伴嗅觉障碍1例

枕骨骨折伴嗅觉障碍１例甘建一（长沙市公安局；长沙４１０００２）ＬＯＳＳＯＦＳＭＥＬＬＤＵＥＴＯＦＲＡＣＴＵＲＥＯＦＯＣＣＩＰＩＴＡＬＢＯＮＥ：ＡＣＡＳＥＲＥＰＯＲＴ￥ＧａｎＪｉａｎｙｉ（ＰｕｂｌｉｃＳｅｃｕｒｉｔｙＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＣｈａｎｇｓｈａ；Ｃ...     

跨境数据流动对国家主权的影响与对策

跨境数据流动对国家主权的影响与对策ＴＲＡＮＳＢＯＲＤＥＲＤＡＴＡＦＬＯＷ’ＳＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＯＮＮＡＴＩＯＮＡＬＳＯＶＥＲＥＩＧＮＴＹＡＮＤＴＨＥＰＯＬＩＣＹＯＦＩＴＳＮＥＧＡＴＩＶＥＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥ程卫东随着计算机与网络通讯技术的发展，跨境数据...     

Acephate in biological fluids of two autopsy cases after ingestion of the chemical

Two autopsy cases, where the individuals were suspected of having ingested acephate, an organophosphorous insecticide, are reported. Acephate and its active metabolite, methamidophos (MP), were analyzed in the biological fluids by GC/MS, using the salting out method with liquid-liquid extraction columns. The first case was that of a 70-year-old man whose blood acephate was 149 microg/mL, and MP was 3.0 microg/mL. Serum pseudocholinesterase (ChE) activity was inhibited. No remarkable finding of injury or disease was determined as the cause of his death, but acute poisoning by acephate was mostly suspected. The second case was that of a 60-year-old man. A deep gash in the left neck injured the left common carotid artery in addition to the severely ischemic state of the primary organs. His blood acephate was 46 microg/mL, and MP was not detected. ChE activity was in the normal range. Hemorrhage was mainly suspected as the cause of his death. The concentrations of acephate and MP in human blood after oral ingestion are first reported here, and the acute toxic level of acephate is discussed.     

心肌缺血猝死心肌中高迁移率族蛋白B-1的表达研究

目的探讨高迁移率族蛋白B-1(High Mobility Group Box protein 1,HMGB1)在心肌缺血猝死后诊断中的法医学价值。方法收集不同案例心肌蜡块分为疑似早期心肌缺血猝死组(早期梗死组)20例、心肌梗死猝死组(心肌梗死组)15例、冠心病非心源性猝死组(对照组1)10例和正常心肌组(对照组2)10例,应用免疫组织化学二步法染色,观察心肌胞核和胞浆中HMGB1表达,用ImagePro Plus 6.0软件计算HMGB1表达的平均光密度,用SPSS 13.0对表达进行数据统计分析。结果 HMGB1在四组心肌细胞胞核中表达均呈阳性;早期梗死组和心肌梗死组胞浆均呈阳性表达,对照组1和对照组2胞浆呈阴性。各组平均光密度分别为0.3031±0.0557、0.3195±0.0523、0.0252±0.0030、0.0207±0.0029,早期梗死组和心肌梗死组的阳性反应与两个对照组相比存在显著差异(P﹤0.01)。结论 HMGB1可作为早期心肌缺血猝死的一个辅助诊断指标。     

原发性脑干损伤及其研究进展

本文综述了原发性脑干损伤的原因、临床表现、诊断与检测 ,重点介绍了其死亡原因和病理形态学 ,尤其是在细胞和分子水平上的改变 ,并对原发性脑干损伤的进一步研究方向进行了展望     

Fatal intoxication due to tramadol alone: case report and review of the literature

Poisoning may also lead to both coma and multiple organ failure, also in youngsters without a known major medical history. As not all toxic agents are routinely screened when a poisoning is suspected, it is useful to consider less frequently encountered poisons in certain cases. We describe the occurrence of asystole and multiple organ failure which occurred in a young man after a suspected tramadol overdose. The tramadol concentration on admission in the ICU was indeed 8 microg/ml (mg/l), far above the therapeutic range. Subsequently, the patient developed severe acute liver failure, finally leading to death. Post-mortem toxicology did not reveal any other poison responsible for this unfavourable course as only very high serum and tissue tramadol and desmethyltramadol concentrations were found. Only a few fatal poisonings attributable to tramadol alone, as observed in our case, have been reported. An overview of these cases is presented.     

Sniffing-associated deaths in Denmark

An account is given of 20 deaths, which occurred in association with sniffing during the period 1959 – 1978. The annual number of deaths was almost constant during the period. Most of the deaths occurred in males. Ether and trichloroethylene were the predominant toxic substances. The material was divided into two groups. Group A, 14 cases, included real sniffing deaths, the cause of death being poisoning by the substance inhaled. In group B, 6 cases, sniffing was a contributory factor to death: 2 cases of suffocation by obstruction, one case of carbon monoxide poisoning during fire, one case of septicemia/severe anemia caused by bone marrow depression, and one case of bleeding to death from stab wounds inflicted by a sniffer against a non-sniffer. The circumstances before and at the time of death are reported, together with the autopsy and toxicological findings when these were performed.     

Head injury associated with barbiturate suicide

Two cases of self-inflicted injury, associated with suicide by ingestion of barbiturates, are presented. The head injury was so severe in one of the deceased that the death was at first thought to be due to homicide. It is postulated that barbiturate poisoning may induce a phase of excitation, with headache, prior to induction of coma.     

胃肠外途径投毒的法医学鉴定

本文报告１３例胃肠外途径投毒的法医学鉴定，其中升汞２例（Ｉ．Ｖ．），水银１例（Ｉ．Ｖ．），氰化钾２例（Ｉ．Ｍ．和乳房下注射各１）、氰化钠１例（Ｉ．Ｖ．）、一氧化碳２例（吸入）、铬酸酐１例（阴道内塞入）、敌敌畏１例（心包腔内注射）、矮壮素１例（Ｉ．Ｍ．）、氯丙嗪１例（Ｉ．Ｖ．）和溴氰菊酯１例（Ｉ．Ｖ．）。说明经胃肠外途径引起的投毒案例并不罕见，且毒物种类增多，这在法医病理和毒理工作中应引起注意和警惕。     

颅脑损伤血浆降钙素基因相关肽含量变化及法医学意义

目的研究颅脑损伤患者血浆中降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）水平变化,观察其与颅脑损伤之间的关系并探讨其在颅脑损伤中的作用。方法40例脑外伤患者,其中轻中型（GCS评分9～15分）、重型（GCS评分3～8分）各20例。采用酶联免疫法测定患者伤后第1、3、5、7d及25例体检健康的志愿者血浆中CGRP水平。结果颅脑损伤患者与正常对照组比较血浆中CGRP水平明显增高,除轻中度组第7d外,均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;且重度组在3d内高于轻中度组,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论颅脑损伤者CGRP水平增高,且因病情加重会进一步升高,但随时间的延长有下降趋势。     

Evaluation of certifier practices regarding alcohol-related deaths: Fulton County Medical Examiner's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, 2004

CONTEXT: Alcohol can contribute to various manners of death by acute intoxication that places a person at risk for fatal injury, acute fatal alcohol poisoning, or the various fatal complications of chronic abuse with or without superimposed acute intoxication. The reporting of alcohol use on the death certificate may vary with office policy or procedure, certifier judgment, and the timing of information received during investigation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the number of deaths including mention of alcohol use in the investigative case file, the number of death certificates on which alcohol use is reported, the number of discrepancies between the 2, and the possible reasons for observed discrepancies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective case review of all deaths where alcohol use was mentioned in the investigative case file and/or on the death certificate for deaths investigated by the Fulton County Medical Examiner in Atlanta, Georgia, during a 1-year period between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage of deaths with alcohol use reported on the death certificate, tabulation of where and how alcohol use is reported on the death certificate, and tabulation of the differences between the investigative case file and death certificate regarding alcohol's possible role in causing death. RESULTS: Among the 1324 deaths certified by the office, 105 (8%) had alcohol use reported on the death certificate. The majority (67%) of these cases were natural deaths. Sixty-nine (5%) deaths had mention of alcohol use in the investigative case notes but did not include it on the death certificate. Twenty-five (2%) deaths had mention of alcohol on the death certificate but did not have mention of it in the investigative case file based on our search criteria. However, subsequent review of additional case follow-up information disclosed a history of alcohol use or acute intoxication in each case. CONCLUSIONS: The data show that more natural deaths are considered to be directly caused by alcohol than other manners of death. For the unnatural manners of death (excluding acute alcohol poisoning), alcohol use is often viewed by medical examiners as an incidental, associated finding or risk factor surrounding the circumstances of death rather than being an actual cause of death. In such cases, alcohol use is often omitted from the death certificate. For deaths directly caused by alcohol, the proportion of cases involving possible underreporting or overreporting of alcohol involvement was relatively small and usually involved the omission of chronic alcohol use from the death certificate. Researchers need to be aware of potential limitations of death certificate data for studying alcohol-related deaths.