应用固相萃取技术分析生物体液或组织样品中的有机磷农药

本文建立了用国产GDX-403或C_(18)固相小柱同时提取净化生物体液或组织样品中的6种常见有机磷类农药的方法.对含有有机磷农药的血、胃组织或胃内容样品用6～10mlpH6.0的磷酸缓冲液稀释,浸泡提取后,过预先活化过的GDX-403或C_(18)固相柱,再用3ml氯仿洗脱,并用毛细管气相色谱法火焰光度检测器进行测定.进行了血和胃组织样品中添加6种有机磷农药的回收率测试实验,并用所建立的方法对多例农药中毒案进行分析测定,证明该法操作简便、快速、回收率高.     

生物样品中三氯杀螨醇的气相色谱分析

本文建立了用GC/ECD法,在3根色谱柱上定性、定量分析三氯杀螨醇农药的方法,其线性范围在0～6ng/μl。同时建立了生物样品中提取、净化三氯杀螨醇的方法,操作步骤简单快速,能够满足气相色谱分析。添加20μg的回收率为77.1％。该方法已应用于实际办案,效果良好。     

生物检材中有机磷农药的检验概述

从有机磷农药的性质、生物检材中有机磷农药的提取净化和分析检测等方面概述了生物检材中有机磷农药的检验研究现状。     

快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析血液中的农药

目的：建立生物检材血液中农药的快速溶剂萃取（accelerated solvent extraction,ASE）法。方法通过优化ASE萃取条件,考察萃取温度、时间和萃取剂对回收率的影响,提取血液中的农药进行气相色谱-质谱联用（GC/MS）法定性定量分析。结果血液中8种农药的平均回收率在70.6%~92.4%,变异系数小于5.0%,8种农药在0.5~5.0μg/mL的浓度范围内线性良好。结论该方法具有操作简便快捷、回收率高、重现性好等特点,可用于农药的提取检验。     

用基质分散固相萃取法用于人血中有机磷农药检测

目的建立基质分散固相萃取方法用于检测人体血液中有机磷农药。方法利用C18、PSA和石墨化碳为吸附剂,采用基质分散固相萃取与GC/MS法相结合检测人体血液中甲胺磷、敌敌畏、甲拌磷、乐果、叔丁硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷等8种有机磷农药。结果 8种有机磷农药分离效果良好,回收率在71.46%～96.09%之间,检出限在0.26～4.52ng之间。结论基质分散固相萃取方法提取血中有机磷农药操作简单、快速准确。     

用Sep—Pak C18固相萃取柱快速提取净化氨基甲酸酯类农药

本文介绍了一种应用Sep—Pak C_(18)固相萃取柱从各类生物检材中快速提取净化9种氨基甲酸酯类农药的方法,并用大口径毛细管气相色谱进行分析。9种药物包括:速灭威、叶蝉散、灭多虫、灭除威、灭杀威、残杀威、巴沙、呋喃丹、西维因。萃取前,水基质检材用蒸馏水稀释;脏器检材加0.4N高氯酸溶液。用3ml氯仿/异丙醇(9:1)洗脱药物。水基质检材的回收率(尿、血浆、全血)在80—100％之间;脏器检材的回收率(肝、肾、脑)在66—100％之间。Sep—Pak C_(18)小柱用于尿和血浆样品时可反复使用。     

血液中64种常见有机氯菊酯类农药的快速筛查

目的建立人体血浆中64种有机氯菊酯类农药多残留的气相色谱（GC）快速筛查分析方法。方法空白人体静脉抗凝血用乙腈沉淀蛋白,乙酸乙酯∶环己烷（v/v,3∶1）进行液液萃取净化,使用HP-5色谱柱,采用气相色谱进行定性、定量分析。对方法进行优化并进行方法学评价。结果 64种农药在0.001~0.1μg/mL范围内线性关系均良好,相关系数在0.990 1~0.999 9之间。检出限在0.001~0.15μg/mL范围内,方法定量限在0.001~0.5μg/mL之间,回收率总体于80%~110%之间,相对标准偏差小于15%,方法检出限总体于0.01μg/mL以下,日内精密度在1.5%~11.5%之间,日间精密度在2.9%~13.9%之间。结论本文建立的人体血浆的农药多残留快速筛查测定法,符合农药残留分析方法的要求,可在相关研究和实践中选用。     

铁灭克的检验

目的建立生物检材中铁灭克农药的定性、定量分析方法;方法利用溶剂苯萃取生物检材中的铁灭克农药,应用薄层色谱(TLC)、气相色谱(GC)两种方法进行定性分析,应用气相色谱-质谱-选择离子监测(GC-MS-SIM)分析方法进行定性定量分析,并测定了该方法的检测限、线性回归方程和回收率。结果应用TLC、GC、GC-MS、GC-MS-SIM等分析方法成功地在两个实际案例中检出了铁灭克农药,利用GC-MS联用技术获得了铁灭克热解产物涕灭威腈的质谱图,GC-MS-SIM分析方法分析涕灭威的检测限是0.02ng,获得了m/z68、m/z100和m/z115三个特征离子定量分析的线性回归方程,样品添加标样回收率为99.0至103.5%。结论铁灭克热不稳定,受热易分解。获得了铁灭克热分解产物涕灭威腈的质谱图。GC-MS-SIM分析方法检测铁灭克具有灵敏度高、回收率高等优点。     

SPE-GC/MS 法分析鱼塘水中的5种农药

目的：建立鱼类中毒案件中鱼塘水5种农药的固相萃取（solid phase extraction,SPE）结合气相色谱－质谱联用仪（GC/MS）的检测方法。方法比较 Oasis HLB cartridge、Bond Elut C18和 SampliQ C183种固相萃取柱提取、净化鱼塘水中5种农药的提取回收率,并考察洗脱剂种类、洗脱剂用量对提取回收率的影响。结果利用 Bond Elut C18固相萃取柱,以3mL 苯作为洗脱剂,鱼塘水中5种农药质量浓度在1~50μg/mL范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0．9962~0．9996,测得的检出限为3．4~26μg/L,提取回收率为61．49%~102．48%,相对标准偏差均≤3．01%。结论 SPE－GC/MS 法灵敏度高、准确度和精密度好,简单快速,溶剂消耗量少,适用于鱼塘水中5种农药的检测。     

磁力搅拌超声乳化微萃取用于血清中有机磷农药的检测

目的将涡旋搅拌与超声乳化技术相结合,建立了磁力搅拌结合超声辅助乳化微萃取新方法。方法使用一套自制前处理装置,将所建立的方法应用于血清中的7种有机磷农药的前处理过程中,并联用GC/MS对其进行了检测。考查了影响方法萃取效率的若干因素,确定了最优条件:90μL甲苯作为萃取剂;磁力搅拌转速为200rpm;超声萃取时间为2 min。结果在此条件下,针对血清中的7种有机磷农药的相对回收率为83%~109%,RSD为3.5%~5.6%,检出限为0.08~1.6μg/L。结论该方法操作简便、快速、准确,适合于血清中有机磷农药的测定。     

快速溶剂萃取法提取血中的有机磷类农药

目的建立生物检材血液中有机磷类农药的快速溶剂萃取方法。方法通过优化快速溶剂萃取各参数，提取血中的有机磷类农药，同时达到在线净化的效果，然后进行GC／FPD分析检测。结果血中5种常见有机磷类农药的平均回收率均在70％以上，在0．05μg／mL-5μg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好，检测限（S／N=10）均低于20ng／mL。结论该方法优于其它传统提取方法，快速、简便、高效且操作自动化，可广泛应用于生物检材血液中有机磷类农药的检验鉴定。     

固相吸附-GC／MS法检验鱼塘水中农药氰戊菊酯

目的建立鱼类中毒案件鱼塘水中微量农药的分析方法。方法取一定量的吸附剂GDX-403，加入到取出的一定量的鱼塘水中，经振荡吸附，分离出GDX-403，取有机溶剂解析、浓缩，进行GC／MS检验。结果回收率达90％，相对偏差59／5，1000mL水中农药氰戊菊酯检测限浓度在0．2ppb左右。结论该方法操作简便，准确、灵敏度高、可靠性好，可以进行实战推广。     

Detection of malathion in a victim by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry

We experienced an autopsy case in which a 53-year-old woman committed suicide by ingesting allegedly a certain agricultural chemical. The blood and stomach contents, after extraction with acetonitrile and chloroform, were subjected to analysis by gas chromatography (GC)/negative ion chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry (MS). By total ion monitoring in the negative CI mode, a large peak appeared. The mass spectrum of the peak showed a strong anion at m/z 157, suggesting the presence of an organophosphorus pesticide. By measuring its spectrum in the positive electron impact (EI) mode, it was identified as malathion. The selected ion monitoring in the negative CI mode showed that the malathion peak was not interfered with by any impurities, and its background was very low. The sensitivity in the negative CI mode was about 5-10 times higher than that in the positive EI mode. Our data show that the GC/negative ion CI MS is useful for both screening and sensitive quantitation of organophosphorus pesticides.     

Quantitative analysis of tropane alkaloids in biological materials by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple and rapid method for quantitation of tropane alkaloids in biological materials has been developed using an Extrelut column with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Biological materials (serum and urine) were mixed with a borate buffer and then applied to an Extrelut column. The adsorbed tropane alkaloids were eluted with dichloromethane before a GC-MS analysis. Atropine-d(3) was used as an internal standard. The extracted tropane alkaloids were converted to trimethylsilyl derivatives prior to GC analysis, to improve the instability of tropane alkaloids from heating and the property of them for a GC column. The recoveries of the compounds, which had been spiked to biological materials, were more than 80%. The GC separation of the derivatives from endogenous impurities was generally satisfactory with the use of a semi-polar capillary column. Tropane alkaloids showed excellent linearity in the range of 10-5000 ng/ml and the limit of detection was 5.0 ng/ml for biological materials. The present method is simple and more rapid than those previously reported, and was applied to a poisoning case. It is useful for the routine analysis of tropane alkaloids in cases of suspected tropane alkaloids poisoning.     

Pesticide intoxications in the Centre of Portugal: three years analysis

Pesticides are used in most countries around the world to protect agricultural and horticultural crops against damage. Poisoning by these toxicant agents occurs as a result of misuse or accidental exposure, and also by oral ingestion (voluntary or not). In Portugal, pesticide intoxications are still a cause of death, found in a considerable number of cases. The authors retrospectively examined the cases of pesticide poisoning in the Centre of Portugal, from autopsies performed in the Forensic Pathology Service of Coimbra's Delegation of the National Institute of Legal Medicine (NILM) and from other autopsies carried out in the Centre of Portugal, as well as some samples taken in hospitals in cases of suspected intoxication. In this study, the positive cases have been especially studied, in order to identify the pesticide used, as well as the etiology. The frequency of intoxications and its distribution by sex and age were also analyzed. Between January 2000 and December 2002, the Forensic Toxicology Laboratory received 639 pesticide analysis requests. In 2000, in a total of 149 analysis requests, 30 cases were positive, 63.3% from male individuals and 36.7% from female. In 2001, the analysis requests increased to 240 as well as the positive cases (43), 74.4% from male individuals and 25.6% from female and in 2002, the total cases analyzed also increased to 250, with 38 positive (73.6% from male individuals and 26.4% from female). Among the pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides still constitute the most important class detected in forensic intoxications, representing 63% of the total positive cases, followed by herbicides, with 33% of the positive results. Quinalphos is the most important organophosphorus insecticide, present in 32 of the 111 positive cases, followed by the herbicide paraquat, detected in 31 cases. The study emphasizes the increasing number of pesticide analyses, particularly relevant for the organophosphorus compounds and herbicides. Intoxication suspicion, accidental or voluntary, seems to be the most common cause of the incidents, for which analyses are requested, but it is also evident that the putative cause is unknown in a large number of cases. Therefore, more stringent legislation and enforcement regarding the sale and distribution of these toxic substances are needed.     

GC法检测血液和尿液中甲基苯丙胺和咖啡因

目的建立同时测定血、尿中甲基苯丙胺和咖啡因含量的方法。方法应用GC／NPD技术,以4-苯基丁胺为内标,直接碱化,用氯仿提取,三氟乙酸酐衍生化,8CB熔融石英毛细管柱（30m×0．25mm×0．25μm）分析。结果生物样品中甲基苯丙胺与咖啡因在0．012—7．5μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,检测限（S／N=3）依次为1．2ng／mL,0．6ng／mL（血）;1．6ng／mL,0．8ng／mL（尿）。苯丙胺在0．017—10．0μg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,检测限为1．6mg／mL（血）,3．2ng／mL（尿）。所有样本回收率均大于85％。结论本方法准确、灵敏,适用于血、尿中甲基苯丙胺及其代谢物苯丙胺的三氟乙酸酐衍生化物和咖啡因的同时检测,为判定滥用毒品种类、追查毒品来源以及研究生物体内甲基苯丙胺和咖啡因的交互影响提供了检测手段。     

389例不同年份的中毒尸检资料对比分析

本文报告近16年来(1983～1998)本教研室检验的中毒尸检158例,并与本教研室1983年以前26年(1957～1982)的中毒尸检231例进行对比分析.发现中毒毒物的种类在近16年虽然仍以有机磷农药为主,但敌敌畏中毒在90年代后则明显减少,相反新型有机磷农药及其它新型农药则逐渐增加;杀鼠剂、醇类、麻醉品及毒品呈明显增多趋势,而金属盐类毒物则减少较明显.90年代后,杀鼠剂投毒及医源性或非法行医所致药物中毒案例显著增多.     

Status of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides in Wetlands and Its Impact on Aquatic Organisms

In recognition of the potential risks that certain chemicals pose to aquatic ecosystems and human health as well as the lack of information regarding the levels of such compounds, the present study analyzed the status of different organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in wetland ecosystems of the world. With the goal of helping to achieve sustainability in wetland ecosystems, this study attempts to provide data on pesticide usage and presence in water, sediments and organisms, along with the awareness within affected farming communities.