社团队伍建设的路径选择

改革开放以来,中国相继进行了经济体制改革和政治体制改革,“小政府”、“大社会”目标已经基本确立。随着社会主义市场经济体制完善和政府职能的转变,国家与市场、国家与社会的关系面临重大的变化和调整。政府要转化、弱化和强化一部分职能,逐步实现“政企分离”、“政社分离”。在市场运作主体中,除政府、企业外,还应有承担社会职能的非营利性组织(也称第三方组织或非政府组织)。社团是非营利性组织的一部分,它是社会职能的承担者之一。但是,我国目前的社团由于历史原因和制度制约,不能很好发挥应有的作用。如何在转型经济中培育社团组织,…     

政府职能转变的思考

行政体制改革的核心是政府职能转变。我国转型期的特点和现实所处的环境以及政府自身利益等因素使得政府职能转变艰难。实现政府职能转变首先要理顺政府与市场的关系，把不该由政府管理的事项转移出去，从制度上更好地发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用，切实解决政府职能缺位、越位等突出问题。其次要明确政府与社会的关系，树立社会本位、共同治理、有限政府和服务政府等社会管理理念，使政府与社会关系良性发展。最后要加快各项配套改革进程，为政府职能转变提供有力支撑。     

西方国家政府职能范式的演变及其理论基础

政府职能范式是基于政府治理结构的职能规模和职能关系模式。政府职能范式演变的根本原因是政府行政生态的变化。每种政府职能范式的形成和运作都以一定的政治、经济、社会环境和理论为基础。从西方发达国家的政府管理来看，其中一定时期的主流政治、经济理论和管理思想对政府职能范式的选择产生至关重要的影响，因而西方政府职能范式呈现三个发展阶段和演变趋势：即基于古典自由主义经济理论的“放任型职能范式”；基于凯恩斯主义经济理论的“拯能型职能范式”；基于多种理论和改革实践探索的“共治型职能范式”。     

集体土地流转中的政府职能重塑

在政府职能转变进入深入探索的时期,我国政府应以农民获得多种形式的流转土地承包权为契机,弥补政府在集体土地流转中职能越位以及职能缺位的情况,通过规范政府的管理行为、完善集体土地流转的制度供给、监管集体土地流转市场、优化农村公共服务以及加强对集体土地流转市场的宏观调控等途径来进行政府职能重塑.     

西方政府经济管理职能的流变及其启示

西方行政学对政府经济职能方面的作用 ,体现出“狂热”排斥走向“适度”接纳趋势。公共选择与公共管理在政府经济职能方面的理论 ,既有共同点 ,又有所不同。研究西方政府经济职能方面的流变 ,对我国转型期政府经济职能的定位会带来有益的启示。     

政府经济职能转变的理论探讨

“政府失败”与“政府失灵”对经济活动有着不同影响 ,关系到政府职能的界定。本文依据西方经济学对“政府失败”与“政府失灵”的界定 ,对政府经济职能转变进行理论探讨。     

“转变政府职能”研究观点述要

《中共中央关于建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》(下面简称《决定》)指出:“转变政府职能,改革政府机构,是建立社会主义市场经济体制的迫切要求。”为此,理论界作了深入的研究,现将主要观点综述如下: 一、什么是政府职能 1.《决定》指出:“政府管理经济的职能,主要是制订和执行宏观调控政策,搞好基础设施建设,创造良好的经济发展环境。同时,要培育市场体系、监督市场运行和维护平等竞争,调节社会分配和组织社会保障,控制人口增长,保护自然资源和生态环境,管理国有资产和监督国有资产经营,实现国家的经济和社会发展目标。”     

论我国政府生态职能的重构

政府生态职能是政府在应对和解决生态问题、向社会提供生态服务、促进人与自然协调发展的过程中所具有的职责和功能,是与政府政治职能、经济职能、文化职能和社会职能相对独立的政府职能类型。我国政府的生态职能存在设置分散、职能转变不到位、与政府其他职能不协调、政府对生态职能的重视和引导不够等问题。因此,需通过重构政府职能的价值取向、总体框架、实现方式、问责机制和法制体系,强化整合政府的生态职能。     

我国政府职能转变问题的反思

我国政府机构改革的核心是政府职能的转变。30年来,随着政府机构改革,职能转变经历了由政治职能为重心向经济职能为重心的转变;由偏重经济职能向更加注重社会管理和公共服务职能转变的两个阶段。在政府机构改革过程中,政府职能转变大致经历了政府职能下属化、政府职能外化、政府职能弱化、政府职能分化、政府职能综合化的过程。政府职能转变也存在着不可否认的问题与缺失：即政府职能转变的理论准备与事先设计不足;政府职能转变囿于机构改革,难以突破体制的羁绊;注重经济职能调整,忽视社会职能、公共管理职能的建设,导致社会发展不协调;政府职能转变没有制度保障;社会力量薄弱;路径依赖问题。     

创建"强化市场型政府"--论我国政府公共管理职能的转变

在现代社会,为市场经济服务是政府的重要职能;“大政府”与“小政府”之争实质上是西方国家问题意识在我国的延续;我国政府职能的根本问题是要在后全能主义政治环境中创建市场经济的运行制度条件;“强化市场型政府”是我国政府改革的理想模式;当前,建设“强化市场型政府”必须进行行政管理制度的改革,发展公民社会以及进行宪政制度改革。     

统筹城乡发展与地方政府——基于浙江省长兴县的研究

统筹城乡发展、建设新农村是全面贯彻落实科学发展观、构建和谐社会的重要内容和途径。其中,政府必须扮演关键性的角色,而在各级政府中,县级政府又负有最直接的责任。浙江省长兴县统筹城乡发展、建设新农村的基本经验是:政府必须承担统筹城乡发展、建设新农村的主要责任,通过建立领导机制、政府体制创新等有效地整合资源、制订规划、组织实施;政府必须在建设农村基础设施、治理和保护农村自然环境、建立健全医疗、养老等农民社会保障体系、支持农业生产、发展教育事业等方面发挥关键性作用;政府必须尊重市场规律,重视社会力量,尊重农民的主体地位、首创精神和权利,形成政府、企业、社会三者之间互补、合作的良好格局,合力解决实际进程中的困难;政府必须因地制宜,因时制宜,制订并实施基于当地现实、适应当地现实、全面、渐进解决当地现实问题的公共政策。     

市场经济现代转型中的法治与责任政府

政府在我国市场经济的建立和转型中发挥着重要的作用.然而诺斯"国家悖论"所揭示的两难困境告诫我们在充分利用政府作用的同时,必须对行政权力的不当干预和政府失责的负面影响加以防范.我国已建立了初级市场经济并正在向现代市场经济转型,现代市场经济的基础是法治,现代市场经济转型的关键在于法治的确立.而法治下的政府应该是一个责任政府,我国要顺利实现市场经济的现代转型,建立良好的市场秩序和有效保护产权,就要建立责任政府.法治是责任政府不可或缺的制度保障,责任政府是法治理念在公共行政领域的体现.责任政府作为现代市场经济体系的重要组成部分,是一切向现代市场经济转型国家必须确立的政治基础.责任政府需要一系列制度构架确保政府对人民责任关系的确立.责任政府制度构架的基本方面包括:政府责任规范体制、政府责任履行的评价制度和政府责任的问责制度.     

政府公共关系的科学化与专业化探析——基于“新公共管理”的视角

政府公共关系是政府实施公共管理的一项重要职能。随着政府治理和新公共管理实践的发展，迫切需要重新发掘政府公共关系的价值，促进其科学化和专业化。对于处在社会转型和逐步融入国际社会的发展中国家来说，是否具备科学化和专业化的政府公共关系职能，已经成为衡量政府治理能力现代化的重要指标。适时提出政府公共关系的科学化和专业化，是深入贯彻落实科学发展观，提高政府治理效能、转变政府职能、促进公民政治参与、构建和谐社会的需要，也是“新公共管理”实践发展的必然要求。     

On the Development of Public–Private Partnerships in Transitional Economies: An Explanatory Framework

This article develops a generic framework to explain the environment for public–private partnership (PPP) development in transitional economies. The framework stands on a tripod that includes the market, the operating environment, and the government, each containing several factors that support aspects of PPPs. The authors apply the framework to analyze the results of a multicountry survey in an effort to identify key factors that facilitate PPP development in transition countries. The identified factors are market potential, institutional guarantee, government credibility, financial accessibility, government capacity, consolidated management, and corruption control. The framework and identified factors may serve as effective tools to diagnose and monitor PPP development in a broader array of countries. The framework is applied in analyzing data from four transitional economies and several advanced economies. The efficacy of the framework is further justified by its explanatory power of PPPs’ practicality and is largely confirmed by results from a sensitivity test.     

The local state and urban local government in Zambia

It is argued, with reference to urban local government in Zambia, particularly in Lusaka, that recent debates on the form and functions of the national state in Africa may be used to illuminate the working of the urban local state. Available evidence on the class interests represented in the urban local state is reviewed, and these interests and their actions with respect to personal accumulation and political clientelism are found to be similar to those found at the national level. The urban local state in Zambia performs functions similar to those which have been revealed by analyses of other countries, although the nature of these functions, and the extent to which they are successfully performed, is influenced by the political and economic context, the institutional framework and especially the constraints imposed by central government on local autonomy. The changes proposed in the 1980 Local Administration Act are outlined, and a preliminary assessment made of the extent to which they are likely to change the form and functions of the urban local state.     

中国劳动力市场演化与政府行为

劳动力市场培育是中国改革的核心问题之一.中国经济改革是在城乡隔绝的特殊背景下展开的.旧体制下,城市国有部门人浮于事,大锅饭、铁饭碗造成效率低下;农村劳动力被禁锢在土地上,隔离在国家工业化进程之外,大量农村剩余劳动力不能及时转移到非农产业,造成极大浪费和损失.劳动力市场改革基于城市"治懒"、农村"治贫"的目标展开.逐步把国有部门职工推向市场,同时逐步改善农村劳动力的配置效率,渐进式改革、逐步释放被压抑的生产力,这是中国经济持续高速增长的根本动力.劳动力市场培育也是城乡劳动者权利的双向调整和逐步接近的过程.改革已取得了很大进展,但城乡劳动者的平等权利尚未实现.名义权利与实际权利的差异是当前最突出的问题.这种权利差异对经济社会协调发展造成威胁.增长、稳定、公平是左右政府改革行为的三大变量.劳动力市场上的权利不平等已成为经济持续增长和社会稳定的巨大障碍.贯彻新发展观,构建和谐社会正在使政策导向发生改变.     

Impacts of China's Rural Land Policy and Administration on Rural Economy and Grain Production

The distinctive changes in China's rural land policy and administration have exerted significant impacts on China's rural socioeconomic development and grain production, either positively or negatively. This article reviews the changes of China's rural land policy and administration in the recent 5 decades. After the land reform accomplished in 1952 and the people's commune system implemented during 1952–1978, China adopted a house responsibility system, which was proven to be effective for increasing grain output and peasants’ income. Yet, it preserved the urban–rural dichotomous economy, formed in the people's commune era, which placed agriculture in a secondary position. The low efficiency in agricultural production and the small‐scale household management, under the current rural land policy and administration, stimulated the transfers of agricultural laborers to the nonagricultural sectors and cultivated land to urban land. Grain production and cultivated land protection in China are conducted most times under the political mandates rather than the economic guidance. Although the previous rural land policies and the strict residence registration helped China to avoid problems prevailing in prime cities of other developing countries, compulsorily asking peasants to grow more grain and to stay in their native land resulted in outstanding social injustice, vulnerable grain production systems, and poverty in rural areas. There are also outstanding conflicts among the interests of central government, local governments, collectives, and peasant households. More flexible rural land policies and more strict cultivated land administrations could be solutions for improving the profitability of grain production and protecting the rapidly declining cultivated land. Compensations for the low profitability in grain production are also needed to encourage an increase in grain output and rural economy.     

Introducing the urban land pooling/readjustment technique into Thailand to improve urban development and land supply

Land pooling/readjustment (LP/R) is a technique for managing the planned development of urban-fringe lands, whereby a government agency consolidates a selected group of land parcels and then designs, services and subdivides them into a layout of streets, open spaces and serviced building plots, with the sale of some of the plots for cost recovery and the distribution of the remaining plots back to the landowners to develop or to sell for development. Widely used in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, LP/R is being adopted in Indonesia, Nepal and Malaysia. The community benefits that the technique can provide in the Thailand situation of weak urban land-use controls and inadequate provision of urban network infrastructure are outlined. The landowner benefits the technique can provide that make it a fully acceptable and feasible technique are identified. Pilot LP/R projects should be undertaken to demonstrate and learn the technique in the Thai context. A draft scheme for one such project, to install distributor roads and utility lines in advance of private land development, is outlined. These pilot projects would also provide the local experience for designing a law, administration and procedures for the wide use of LP/R in Thailand. The main elements of such a national LP/R system are outlined. A similar approach is recommended for the adoption of LP/R by the other developing countries of Asia.     

大陆集体土地征收补偿制度改革探讨--基于两岸土地征收的比较视角

土地征收不可避免，因涉及重大的利益调整，既需规范，也需谨慎启动。两岸虽然土地制度不同，但土地征收改革面临共性问题，在基本征收程序设置、利益衡量机制上均具有相似性。相比之下，大陆集体土地征收启动的前提条件失之于宽，政府享有事实上不受限制的征收权并缺乏制衡机制；补偿额未考虑所有权让渡，仅部分弥补使用权价值；在补偿价的形成方式上，剥夺了集体土地所有者的市场主体地位，同时，集体所有权虚置，土地集体所有权的共有人被架空。通过适当界定征收目的性限制，转变城镇化建设思路，克制征地行为的启动与征收规模；承认土地集体所有权平等独立的市场主体地位，市价补偿，打破土地供给垄断；明确征收相对人与重构集体经济组织并举，构建开放性的制衡机制，有助于平衡、保障各方利益，完善征地补偿制度。     

Liberation regimes and land reform in Africa. Land politics transcending enmity in South Africa

Truthfulness, the norm of science, is etymologically related to trust. Both concepts are related to ‘tree’, as a symbol for grounded knowledge, for differentiation (the tree of knowledge), for uprightness and reliability (Searle, 1995). Truthfulness generates trust. Trust generates community. The land politics and trust project in South Africa (Askvik and Bak, 2005) investigated how trust relations intervened within and between government institutions engaged in redistribution and management of land. It enquired into trust relations between the land state and stakeholders in land. It assessed how the new ANC‐controlled state intervened into the relation between market‐oriented urban industry and subsistence‐oriented livelihoods on communal land. Could that intervention explain the slow pace of land redistribution? The field work was done in the Northern and the Western Cape provinces. A hypothesis is that unconditional personal trust across institutional boundaries is a condition for post‐colonial, post‐liberation community building. In 2001, aspects of political democracy were in place. Trust relations between government institutions and to stakeholders in land varied, but were limited. Trusted mediators between the institutions, across cultures, were few and far apart. Subsistence‐oriented livelihoods on communal land were there to be transformed to commercial farming. The three‐step Government strategy, growth in the urban economy, commercialisation of rural subsistence production and rural welfare from the urban surplus, augmented separation, disbelief and distrust. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.