体视学技术在医学影像学中的应用及其法医学价值

基于Cavalieri原理的体视学技术经常运用在组织学和病理学的研究中，但是现在，这种技术已经被运用于医学影像学（如CT、MRI、ECT、超声等）的测量。体视学的方法提供了一个非侵入性的、精确的、无偏的、简单的和快速的测量方法。所以该方法在医学影像学的形态计量学的测量中有临床使用价值。而影像资料的定量测量结果则有助于法医学实践。     

颅内出血体积测量方法的比较

目的探寻一种能够运用于法医临床学实践的测量颅内出血量的方法。方法比较多田公式、体视学技术和软件边界法测量颅内出血的准确性,并比较它们的实用性。结果体视学法和软件边界法的测量值是准确的,而多田公式测量不规则血肿误差很大。结论体视学法是法医临床学中测量颅内出血量最适用的方法。     

影像医学在法医学中的应用

个体识别在法庭科学调查中一直是重要的工作,它包括:性别、身高、年龄的推断等。在法庭科学领域中利用影像医学技术进行个体识别,在准确性、实用性方面有特别的意义。本文目的旨在通过广泛系统地回顾国内外法庭科学中的影像学应用,了解现有医学影像技术在法庭科学应用中的优点和不足之处,为进一步完善医学影像学在法庭科学中的应用提供参考。     

骨折愈合评估方法的研究进展及其法医学意义

在法医学鉴定中经常需要对骨折形成时间进行鉴定,因此,研究和探讨骨折形成时间的评定方法有着重要的临床及法医学意义.本文综述了超声测量、脉冲测定、数字影像学技术和骨密度检测技术等在评估骨折愈合程度中的应用及其价值.认为综合利用多种评定手段,能为骨折形成时间的法医学鉴定提供科学依据.     

肋骨骨折影像学在法医鉴定中的应用及相关问题

肋骨骨折法医学的诊断主要依靠医学影像学检查结果,影像学的误诊或漏诊将直接影响鉴定意见的准确性,从而可能导致刑事或民事案件的审判错误。本文详尽地总结和分析了肋骨骨折各种影像学检查技术的优缺点、漏误诊原因、法医学鉴定现状及法医鉴定时需考虑的因素,以提高法医学鉴定的准确性。     

浅析医学影像技术规范化建设

随着医学影像技术在临床上的广泛应用,医学影像技术的规范化问题愈益突出。本文从医学影像技术队伍素质的提高、医学影像网络工作系统的数字化建设以及医学影像学诊断报告的书写等方面,就医学影像技术规范化建设进行探讨。     

影像学技术与尸体解剖在致伤方式鉴定中的应用比较

目的探讨影像学技术在法医学死因鉴定、致伤方式分析研究中的应用范围。方法以真实高坠死亡案例为研究对象,分别运用多层螺旋CT平扫、三维重建和磁共振成像技术对尸体进行全面检查,随后即行系统尸体解剖,分别比较影像学技术与尸体解剖在关键信息和细节信息获取方面的优点和不足。结果对于损伤死亡案例,影像学技术可以收集损伤、骨折、出血等关键信息,且具有预先探知、显示非常规解剖部位微小损伤等优点,对于细节问题显示尚存在不足,某些技术的法医学应用尚需进一步磨合。结论影像学技术应用可在致伤方式鉴定中作为法医尸体解剖的指导和补充,在特定情况下可起到一定的替代作用。     

传感技术在足迹研究中的应用简介

本文概括阐述近年来国内外Foot scan，Novel emed，Zebris FDM系统在医学、体育、刑事技术方面中应用的基本情况。对3套系统测量人体足的动静态压力分布进行对比和分析。在此基础上提出传感器技术在足迹检验中应用的前景。     

基于深度学习的心脏影像学数据测量及其在心脏性猝死诊断中的应用

在法医学领域,心脏性猝死的诊断受主观因素和人工测量方法的限制,使某些参数可能存在估计偏差或测量偏差。随着死后断层影像在死因鉴定和心脏病理学研究中发挥越来越重要的作用,应用深度学习等人工智能技术对海量的心脏影像学数据进行分析,为法医学鉴定和科研工作者对心脏疾病进行精细诊断和定量分析提供了可能。本文对近几年深度学习在心脏影像学领域的主要研究进行综述,为目前深度学习在心脏性猝死虚拟解剖中的应用提出可行的发展方向。     

试论杀人碎尸案现场法医学勘验的指导思想

<正>侦破杀人碎尸案件有多种途径，其中藉法医学勘验现场发现、拓展信息破案则是最重要的途径。杀人碎尸案件有杀人现场、碎尸现场、抛尸现场、移尸过程中形成的移动现场和轨迹性的现场。杀人碎尸案的现场勘验是一项以应用法医学技术为主、融汇多学科技术的庞大工程，最常参与的有痕检技术、理化检验技术、影像学技术、警犬学技术，运用和涉及的知识有医学各科、食品卫生、昆虫学、植物学、水文学、地质     

Two-dimensional linear analysis of dynamic bare footprints: A comparison of measurement techniques

In forensic intelligence-gathering, footprints have been shown to be valued evidence found at crime scenes. Forensic podiatrists and footprint examiners use a variety of techniques for measuring footprints for comparison of the crime scene evidence with the exemplar footprints. This study examines three different techniques of obtaining two-dimensional linear measurement data of dynamic bare footprints. Dynamic bare footprints were gathered from 50 students from a podiatric medical school using the Identicator® Inkless Shoe Print Model LE 25P system. After obtaining 100 bilateral footprints from the participants, the quantitative measurement data were collected by using three different measurement techniques: (i) a manual technique using a ruler (direct technique); (ii) an Adobe® Photoshop® technique; and (iii) a GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) technique. The seven Reel linear measurement methodology was used for producing measurements using these three techniques.This study showed that all the mean bare footprint measurements on the right and left feet obtained using the direct technique were larger than those obtained using GIMP and Adobe® Photoshop® images. Differences were also observed in measurements produced using GIMP software and Photoshop images. However, the differences observed in the three techniques used for bare footprint measurements were not found to be statistically significant. The study concludes that there are no significant differences between the three measurement techniques when applied to two-dimensional bare footprints using the Reel method. It further concluded that any of these measurement techniques can be used when employing the Reel methodology for footprint analysis without significant difference.     

Minimally invasive postmortem telebiopsy

For the past 10 years, medical imaging techniques have been increasingly applied to forensic investigations. To obtain histological and toxicological information, tissue and liquid samples are required. In this article, we describe the development of a low-cost, secure, and reliable approach for a telematic add-on for remotely planning biopsies on the Virtobot robotic system. Data sets are encrypted and submitted over the Internet. A plugin for the OsiriX medical image viewer allows for remote planning of needle trajectories that are used for needle placement. The application of teleradiological methods to image-guided biopsy in the forensic setting has the potential to reduce costs and, in conjunction with a mobile computer tomographic scanner, allows for tissue sampling in a mass casualty situation involving nuclear, biological, or chemical agents, in a manner that minimizes the risk to involved staff.     

The contribution of the scientific school of Yu.I. Pigolkin, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, to the development of modern methods for the estimation of the time of death

The principal characteristics of the investigations performed to specify methods for estimation of the time of death (TD) are presented. The studies included the measurement of electric conductivity of organs and tissues depending on the time of death and the evaluation of contractile activities of smooth muscle cells in response to the application of an electric current. A new method for the estimation of the time of death with the use of morphometric techniques is described. The results of histostereometric measurements are used for the first time to characterize the intensity of autolysis. Forensic medical mycological studies have been carried out. A combined approach to the determination of the time of death is proposed including mathematical simulation.     

Stereolithography: a potential new tool in forensic medicine

Stereolithography is a computer-mediated method that can be used to quickly create anatomically correct three-dimensional epoxy and acrylic resin models from various types of medical data. Multiple imaging modalities can be exploited, including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The technology was first developed and used in 1986 to overcome limitations in previous computer-aided manufacturing/milling techniques. Stereolithography is presently used to accurately reproduce both the external and internal anatomy of body structures. Current medical uses of stereolithography include preoperative planning of orthopedic and maxillofacial surgeries, the fabrication of custom prosthetic devices; and the assessment of the degree of bony and soft-tissue injury caused by trauma. We propose that there is a useful, as yet untapped, potential for this technology in forensic medicine.     

The application of CT for 3D visualization of concealed bodies

In forensic radiology, computed tomography (CT) is often used as a medical imaging technique to identify the cause and manner of death of deceased victims of a possible crime. In this study, medical imaging is used to examine concealed bodies and packaging materials. Medical imaging techniques, mainly CT scan, were used to scan packaged or concealed bodies inside containers to identify clues and evidence indicating whether a crime might have been committed. Also, scene integrity and scene safety along with a systematic search for relevant evidentiary items value were considered.Eighteen concealed bodies that had been assessed using medical imaging techniques between 2010 and 2018 at the request of the Dutch National Police were selected. The file records of each case contained imaging data, a photographic record of the unpacking procedure, a list of all items and traces found in the package, and the forensic pathology report. The images were assessed with respect to the different aspects of the case and through a systematic approach.The packages included adult males, adult females, newborn infants, and animals. All human cases were related to criminal offences. In nine adult cases, evidence of a possible violent death could be determined using CT imaging. The cause of death in newborn infants, however, could not be determined. In cases of dismemberment, the completeness of the body could be determined by CT imaging, and the cutting surfaces of bones could be matched on CT images. Regarding scene safety and integrity, in this study all relevant macroscopic items were detected on the CT images.The CT-scans were supplemented with fiduciary markers to better map CT data with the real objects. This information in combination with 2D and 3D images provided the forensic investigator with information on how to unwrap the package layer by layer and help determine different types of packaging materials. Different textiles could not always be identified. The orientation of the body within the packages was provided in all cases, and advice could be given on the optimal approach to access the contents. The overall detection rate of items was 78%.This is one of the first studies to illustrate the contribution of medical imaging, specifically CT scan, to the analysis of concealed bodies and packaging materials prior to unpacking. This demonstrates its contribution to a systematic approach of the investigation by ensuring the safety and health of the investigator while documenting and maintaining the integrity of the crime scene. Imaging also provides information that can be helpful to determine whether a crime might have been committed and reducing the risk of damaging a concealed body. Medical imaging also provides the forensic investigator with information to draw up a workplan prior to unpacking, minimising loss of evidence and determining whether different forensic specialists (e.g., digital or DNA) are needed. It is therefore strongly recommended to use medical imaging, especially CT scanning, before opening a package containing a concealed body.     

医学影像检查之诸民事法律问题初探

医学技术的进步已深刻影响着整个医疗活动。作为重要的医疗检查、诊断手段,医学影像检查在医疗活动中所起作用日益重要。然而,医学影像检查的结果受制于多方面的因素,如医学影像检查仪器的性能、影像科室医、技师的技术诊断水平以及就诊者本身生理病理状况等因素都会影响到医学影像检查结果的客观准确性。在我国医患关系紧张的当前,因医学影像检查引起的民事纠纷逐年增多而法学界少有结合医学影像学知识作探讨文章,笔者结合医学影像学知识与民法理论,初步探讨了医疗机构间医学影像检查结果互认、错误出生案件等医学影像检查行为所涉民事法律问题。     

The construction of socially remedial legislation in Australia: the strange case of hydrotherapy

The article examines the canons of construction of socially remedial statutes in Australia and the utility and acceptance of hydrotherapy as a means of medical treatment. It considers cases from various administrative bodies in Australia as they have applied to this mode of treatment and notes that the canons have not been applied uniformly. The results have sometimes been unhappy. The article suggests why that might be the case and argues that the process may have undermined the medical utility of the treatment.     

光谱成像在物证检验中的初步实验研究

目的研究运用光谱成像技术进行物证形态检验的可能性和方法。方法比较相同条件下使用普通照相方法与光谱成像方法拍摄多种痕迹物证的效果。结果光谱成像检验的能力和效果都具有明显优势。结论光谱成像检验技术的出现使物证形态检验学的发展进入了一个崭新的阶段。     

静脉气体栓塞的研究进展

气体栓塞是一种较多见而又威胁生命的医疗操作并发症,在法医学实践中也时有所遇,但易被检验者所忽略;也常因尸体放置较久而给法医学检验和鉴定带来困难。在此综述了静脉气体栓塞的病因、病理生理变化、临床表现及诊断和法医学鉴定的意义及注意事项,认为超声心动图、CT和MRI等现代成像技术在气体栓塞的临床诊断和法医学鉴定中有积极的辅助作用。     

Contributions of Academic Research to Industrial Performance in Five Industry Sectors

Results are presented of a National Academy of Engineering consensus study that documents the contributions of academic research to the growth and competitiveness of five industries – aerospace; financial services; medical devices; network systems and communications; and transportation, distribution, and logistics services. Academic research has made substantial contributions in varying degrees to all five industries. These have ranged from graduates trained in modern research techniques, to fundamental concepts and “key ideas” out of basic and applied research, to the development of tools, prototypes, and marketable products, processes, and services. In network systems, there is a history of university involvement in serving as test beds for new networking concepts and in spawning firms. The academic medical center provides a distinctive environment for testing and incremental improvement of medical devices and for conducting essential clinical trials. In financial services, academic economics and mathematics research contributions have been important, in spite of the lack of a well-developed R&D infrastructure for the industry. Challenges and opportunities for enhancing academic research contributions are presented in the areas of regulatory research and innovation, service sector innovation, information technology, intellectual property rights, and the role and identity of the university.