中国农村的养老保险模式研究

随着中国经济和城市化的发展,进城务工人员的增多,劳动力的外流加剧了我国农村地区的老龄化问题的严重性,如何对这部分群体进行有效地人口管理,学界以及政府都进行了大量的探索.本文结合相关调查研究结果和宏观理论,得出经济上的困难是目前阻碍农村老年人安享晚年的最大障碍的结论,进而从养老金待遇和覆盖率的角度提出如何完善农村养老保险制度的相关建议.     

对外来务工人员普法教育工作的思考

经过长达二十多年的普法宣传教育,我国公民的法律意识得到充分提高。随着改革开放力度的不断加强,市场经济的逐步发展,大量农村剩余和闲散劳动力涌入各企业、城市,务工经商,这对促进企业、城市经济建设、繁荣市场、方便人民群众生活,特别是弥补企业、部分行业劳动力资源不足,起到了积极作用。但是,随着流动人口的不断增加,     

论农民工的劳动权益保护

农村劳动力向城市转移已成为解决农村劳动力就业和增加农民收入的重要途径,进一步做好农民工工作,对于改革发展的全局和顺利推进工业化、城镇化、现代化都具有重大意义。同时,农民工的职业安全与工伤保险是中国城市化建设乃至中国现代化建设过程中不可忽视的问题。     

对完善农村金融体系的思考

农村、农业和农民即所谓的"三农"问题,始终是中国的根本问题,也是中国历届政府必须关注与解决的问题。如果"三农"问题不解决,我国实现小康社会的理想蓝图将成一纸空文。而诸多"三农"问题的解决,核心是增加农民收入,实现途径是培育和完善农村要素市场、推动农村劳动力转移,保持农业的稳定、持续发展,农村经济发展,所有这些都直接或间接依赖于农村金融的发展和支持。完善农村金融体系、强化金融服务是一项非常现实和迫切的重要工作。     

留守儿童行为失范问题及其司法救济途径

随着我国农业产业结构调整．城镇化进程加快,城市发展对劳动力的需求急剧增加,越来越多的农村劳动力走出家乡,进城从事二三产业．社会上出现了“背井离乡寻富路,离田离土求发展”的现象。因此,部分农村孩子脱离父母直接监护,成为留守儿童。     

陕西农村地区农民法治意识现状概述——宝鸡部分县乡农村地区法律意识状况调查报告

法治是农村政治文明建设的内在要求,也是农村各项事业快速健康发展的有力保障。当前我国农村法治水平较为滞后,西部农村地区则尤为低下。在对宝鸡部分县乡村落进行法治现状调查的基础上,本文总结了当前西部农村地区法治建设的成就与不足,进而对目前制约西部农村法治建设的诸多因素做了分析,并就如何进一步推进西部农村法治建设提出了建议。     

户籍改革新探索

改革开放后,中国经济增长依靠劳动力的投入以弥补初期资本稀缺的短板,其背后是过剩的农村劳动力供给。正是通过廉价的劳动力供给,中国经济迅速发展,成为"世界工厂"。但30多年过去了,随着人口不断的老龄化,中国正在失去这一最大的优势。根据最近国家统计局公布的2015年度统计数据显示,中国劳动年龄人口和流动人     

中国农村留守儿童教育现状分析

中国城市化的快速发展吸引了大量农村劳动力,他们常年生活在打工的城市,很少回家探望父母与孩子,这些孩子则成为留守儿童.中国留守儿童数量庞大,分布广泛,而且生活条件很是艰苦,教学资源短缺,教育方法落后.本文实地调查留守儿童教育现状,分析农村留守儿童教育缺失的原因,并给出相应的对策和解决办法,努力呼吁社会各界共同关注留守儿童教育现状.     

中国农村剩余劳动力转移的分析及其政策建议

农村剩余劳动力的转移是新世纪中国经济社会发展中的重大战略问题,党的十六大就明确指出"农村富裕劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移,是工业化和现代化的必然趋势。"在中国这样一个拥有九亿农民的国家来说,要富农就必须减少农民数量,如何切实做好农村剩余劳动力的转移工作,本文将结合我国现实情况对此进行分析并提出具体的对策和建议。     

论教育的竞争与应试教育

人力资本理论关于不同人力资本含量的劳动力具有不同的市场供求关系和价格的论述 ,揭示了教育竞争的根源。在我国经济高速发展的近二十年来 ,教育供给 (尤其是能提供高质量教育服务的供给 )与教育需求 (尤其是对高质量教育服务的需求 )之间的严重失衡现象 ,是导致教育竞争过度并诱发应试教育现象的客观原因。“证书主义”、“文凭至上”推动教育竞争向更加无序和背离教育目的的方向发展。扭转应试教育现象的根本出路在于大力改革与发展教育事业。用人制度的变革、考试制度的变革等举措会配合抑制应试教育现象     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

当代国际行刑领域正在发生的变革

20世纪70年代由于监狱人满为患,重新犯罪率持续不降,很多国家开始在行刑领域进行改革。其基本内容包括:拓宽行刑目的,从矫正目的论发展到矫正、惩罚、帮助罪犯重返社会与剥夺多元目的论;改革监狱管理制度,从实施累进处遇制发展到推行危险管理制度;变革矫正制度,将"传统矫正"制度发展为"项目矫正"。我国需要研究国际社会在行刑领域的行刑变革理论与实践。     

德国土地征收中的公共利益

德国《基本法》第14条将所有权作为宪法基本权利予以保护。该条公共利益条款的本质出发点是保护私人所有权。公共利益概念在德国土地征收法上依据通说认为应作狭义理解,非所有公共利益均可满足征收法上的要件。部门法对公共利益有明确规定。学说和实务界对公共利益概念主要在负面达成了一致。就所谓的商业征收并未一般性否定。公共利益本身也与征收的必要性紧密相关。     

科学与法律领域的真相

审判过程并非仅仅是为了"查明真相"。自从美国的法律系统开始使用科学证人以来,法律领域就面临着混乱的局面。自从Frye规则到Daubert标准再到Kumho Tire标准,乃至发展为修改后的《联邦证据规则》702条,尽管法律系统经历了上述诸多努力,人们仍然不会相信法律系统能够从科学信息中获得预期的收益。科学主张和理论或真或假,它们的真或假是一个客观的问题。法律裁决可以断定法律真理为真,也可以断定"所谓的科学真理"为真。只有科学命题所描述的自然界现象和事件的性质——而非有关证据可靠性的法律裁决,也非法庭上的论证和交叉询问——能够证明真的科学命题为真,证明假的科学命题为假。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Consent in escrow: opting to opt in

In this paper, we reply to Taylor''s (2015) peer commentary on consent-in-escrow. Specifically, we clarify the utility of this novel approach, the way in which it minimizes risks to participants, and how it differs from existing opt-out methods. We further explore its potential use in fields beyond disaster research.     

广东黑社会问题四探——当前广东省反黑工作应重视与加强的几个问题

在认定黑社会性质组织时，应内看其组织特征，外看其行为特征。黑社会性质组织通常在一定区域或行业范围内，以暴力为后盾，通过使用或威胁使用暴力等手段，依靠犯罪组织的淫威大肆进行敲诈勒索、欺行霸市、寻衅滋事、故意伤害等违法犯罪来获利。具备政治保护伞是黑社会性质组织的重要特征，在反黑实践中要加大打击政治保护伞的力度。现阶段境外黑社会组织对广东的渗透具有很强的侵财性和暴力性，或自设炉灶，或勾结境内不法分子和犯罪团伙，形成一股罪恶地下势力，对渗透地社会秩序、人民生命财产安全有着极大的危害。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。