社会中间层——经济法理论研究的崭新进路

社会中间层是在内涵上涵盖社会自治组织、社会经济团体等概念的理论范畴,通过"政府——市场"二元结构向"政府——中间层——市场"三元结构的转型,其作为经济法新的调整对象为经济法实现协调国家经济运行的立法目的提供了广阔的理论前景。本文将重点阐述社会中间层对经济法理论创新、实体法和程序法实现机制的作用和基础理论构想。     

论经济法权利的合法性基础、基本属性和结构

经济法解决的是社会经济作为有机整体如何持续、稳定发展的问题，因此，以社会科学中流传已久的、但被法学所忽视的生物学传统——整体主义观念研究经济法问题不失为一条可欲的途径，以此考察经济法中的权力（权利），不论是作为政府的权力还是个体的权利，其起源都是社会的需要和人们的承认，目的都是为了主体功能的发挥，因而都是功能性权利，且从构成看都有二重性。     

医疗保险经办机构之法律定位——论社会行政给付主体之角色与功能

医疗保险经办机构作为法律法规授权的组织,在"管理与被管理"的法律关系中立于管理者的地位。然而,在给付国家背景下,公民应立于"权利主体"而非"被管理者"的地位对国家享有社会给付请求权。在公民与国家间以"请求给付权利——给付义务"为内容的抽象法律关系具化为公民与特定给付主体之间的具体法律关系后,给付主体就不应仅为享有行政权力的管理者,同时亦应成为给付义务的承担者。在医疗保险法律关系中,给付义务主体应当是对医保基金运营具有独立权利能力的保险人。基于此,我国医保经办机构应当从确立独立性、健全职能、强化能力等方面朝向保险人方向予以塑造。     

论社会化契约的调节——浅析国家经济调节方式

社会化契约的出现使得经济法初步走出了"管理"、"干预"的理论误区,建立起阻止国家的政治权力对经济领域进行随意干涉的理论屏障。但是在法律实践操作中,政府权力的扩张和滥用仍然十分显著,这种危险应当运用法律来控制——继续坚持、完善市场调节和国家调节的统一;发挥国际性调节在世界经济法发展中的作用,实现"和谐"的共同发展。     

经济权力的特性及其规制

在经济法视阈里，经济权力是政府规制市场经济和践行经济法律法规的前提性条件，是经济法的一个十分重要的范畴。研究经济权力的特性，对于经济权力的研究和政府作为经济法主体的研究，以及对整个经济法的研究，都具有十分重要的意义。本文试通过回顾经济权力产生和发展的历史，分析经济权力的特性，来寻求规制政府经济权力的良策。     

我国反垄断执法机构与行业监管机构权力配置研究

目次一、当前我国反垄断执法机构与行业监管机构权力配置格局二、反垄断执法机构与行业监管机构权力配置之国际经验考察三、我国反垄断执法机构与行业监管机构权力配置之模式选择四、我国反垄断执法机构与行业监管机构主辅型权力配置机制之建立一、当前我国反垄断执法机构与行业监管机构权力配置格局准确把握当前我国反垄断执法机构与行业监管机构权力配置格局,是我们对本论题展开探讨的起点。(一)反垄断执法机构与行业监管机构权力配置现状计划经济体制时期,政府对电信、电力、邮政、铁路、煤气、自来水、石油等关系国计民生的垄断性行业采取国有企业垄断经营方式,并由行政部门直接经营管理,排斥了市场竞争机制功能的发挥。随着社会主义市场经济体制改革的深入推进,我国对垄断性行业     

英美国家公用事业监管机构研究及其对我国的启示

公用事业的私营化需要独立的监管机构来维护公共利益和消费者权益,英国和美国公用事业私营化的成功与监管机构的有效运作密不可分。本文总结了英美国家在电信、电力、天然气和水务行业四个有代表性的监管机构在组织立法、机构独立性、权力规范和监管监督方面的共性,以期对我国公用事业改革有所裨益。     

农村食品安全监管的非权力之维

现行的农村食品安全监管模式过分强调国家行政权力的作用,忽视了其背后高昂的行政成本,忽视了民间组织作用的发挥以及非权力治理手段的运用.在公共治理模式下,应该结合农村实际,加强行政指导,建立起非政府组织(机构)参与的"非权力监管"运行机制,以形成政府与民间社会沟通协调、分工合作的良好局面.     

我国食品安全监管机构的问题及对策

“食为民天”,食品安全事关整个社会的稳定与发展。在食品安全监管体系中,监管机构是整个监管体系的运行载体,监管机构的设置直接影响着政府食品安全监管职能的发挥与完善。本文从建立高效的食品安全监管组织机构的角度出发,针对我国食品安全监管机构的体制弊病,提出了完善我国政府食品安全监管组织机构的相关建议。     

论经济法中的国家主体

经济法中的国家主体,具有不同于政府等主体的特殊性。基于经济宪法和经济法的相关规定,国家主体在经济法中具有独立地位,其经济职能的履行和经济职权的行使,应受经济宪法和经济法的约束,以体现国家理性的要求。此外,经济法中的国家主体在总体上是“现代国家”“经济国家”,并在经济法的各个部门法中具体体现为预算国家、税收国家、债务国家、规制国家等多种国家形态。研究经济法中的国家主体,应结合国家目的或国家目标、国家任务、国家职能、国家理性或国家理由等影响因素,分析具体的国家形态,由此有助于审视法律规定背后的法治原理和法治问题,揭示经济法制度中国家主体存续和发展的内在逻辑,并在法治框架下解决国家调制行为的合宪性、合法性问题,切实保障市场主体的合法权益。依循上述研究路径,有助于提炼经济法中的国家理论或国家主体理论,深化经济法学主体理论乃至整体总论的研究,推动经济法治和国家治理体系的完善。     

中外检察机关职权运行关系比较

各国不同层级检察机关之间的职权运行关系可以分为四种类型,国家结构和检察首长任免机制决定和影响了这种关系的具体表现形态。检察首长、部门主管和办案检察官之间的职权运行关系可以分为三种类型,上司领导下属、检察一体是这一关系的共有特征。我国检察机关在职权运行的内部分工协作上还应进一步加强。     

An Enforcement Taxonomy of Regulatory Agencies

A variety of multivariate techniques were used to develop a taxonomy of regulatory agencies from the first comprehensive study of the disparate enforcement strategies employed by business regulatory agencies in one country. Seven types of agencies were identified: Conciliators, Benign Big Guns, Diagnostic Inspectorates, Detached Token Enforcers, Detached Modest Enforcers, Token Enforcers and Modest Enforcers. Agencies were distinguished primarily according to their orientation to enforcement versus persuasion, according to their commitment to detached (or arms length) command and control regulation versus cooperative fostering of self-regulation, and according to their attachment to universalistic rulebook regulation versus particularistic regulation. Nevertheless, it is not unreasonable to view regulatory agencies as lying on a single continuum from particularistic non-enforcers who engage in cooperative fostering of self-regulation to rulebook enforcers whose policy is detached command and control. This approximates the suggestions of Hawkins and Reiss for distinguishing regulatory agencies according to a "sanctioning/deterrence" versus "compliance" dimension. The predominant regulatory style in Australia, however, is distant from both poles, being a perfunctory regulatory approach which is neither distinctively diagnostic and educative nor litigiously "going by the book"; rather it amounts to "going through the motions". The typology also partially conforms to Black's categorisation of social control as penal, therapeutic, conciliatory and compensatory.     

Delimitation Of Competence Between USSR Agencies and Republic Agencies in the Field of Economic Guidance

The question of the scientific bases for distribution of powers [polnomochii] between the USSR and its entities [sub'ekty], the union republics, in the field of economic guidance is of political, practical, and theoretical importance.     

Credible Commitment in Non-Independent Regulatory Agencies: A Comparative Analysis of the European Agencies for Pharmaceuticals and Foodstuffs

Abstract: The creation of more and more supranational regulatory agencies has been one of the most significant institutional developments in the European Union during the last decade. Usually, these agencies evolve from EU committees and take over most of their structures. Accordingly, like most EU committees and the Commission, regulatory agencies are not independent, but act under the control of the member states. The question is, how far do they indicate a credible commitment of the Member States to long-term policy goals like health and consumer protection. This article compares the institutional structures and decision-making rules of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products and of the newly established European Food Safety Authority, in order to clarify the extent of credible commitment that the Member States show through the setting-up of these agencies. It concludes that the commitment of the Member States in the foodstuff sector is not as deep as in the pharmaceutical sector, and that the creation of the European Food Safety Authority will not lead to a success story similar to that of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products.     

Independent Agencies: Hierarchy Beaters?

Abstract: The business of modern government is efficient policy-formation, regulation and implementation. In common with conventional Governments, the European Union may be facing a serious mismatch between the increasingly specialised functions of government and the administrative instruments at its disposal. Arguably, independent European Agencies might aid in combatting this mismatch, and in establishing efficient administration. Article 4 of the Treaty of Rome seems severely to curtail the possible use of independent agencies within Europe. Nevertheless, American constitutional experience may yet serve to demonstrate how this barrier might be overcome in the European setting: the development of novel and flexible means of governmental oversight might secure the independence of European agencies, whilst at the same time laying renewed emphasis upon traditional 'constitutional' principles such as the control of power and public accountability.     

对新技术时代的知识产权行政管理机构的探讨

20世纪90年代以来的技术革新给知识产权行政管理机构带来了深刻的影响。知识产权行政管理机构的性质从法人机构逐渐转变为执行或特殊机构;从较多关注于知识产权登记、审核的机构向承担更多的政治、经济发展职责的机构转变。技术进步也带来了知识产权行政管理机构传播以及保护作用的巨大变化。我国的知识产权行政管理机构必须认识到技术进步带给知识产权行政管理的挑战并作出相应的变革。     

Terrorism Preparation by Michigan Law Enforcement Agencies

The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, compelled most Americans to imagine the unimaginable. Increased interest was focused on lessons learned, specifically if local law enforcement agencies had made appropriate organizational changes to manage potential terrorism events. The purpose of this study was to assess perceptions of law enforcement officers in the state of Michigan regarding organizational changes post 9/11. A total of 247 law enforcement officers participated in the study by completing three instruments, the Police Unit Assessment of Terrorism (PAT) Scale, Domestic Unit Assessment of Terrorism (DAT) Scale, and a short demographic survey. The officers who perceived their work load had increased since 9/11 were more likely to have more positive perceptions on both the PAT and DAT.     

Informing the Population About the Activity of State Agencies

Under the conditions of developed socialism, the general problem of informing the population, and that of its knowledge about matters of state and law in particular, becomes increasingly more pertinent. "The development of socialist democracy," said L. I. Brezhnev at a meeting with voters of the Bauman Electoral District in Moscow on June 10, 1966, "demands the solution of many problems that the Party has placed on the order of business." One of these tasks is "providing fuller information to the people about everything happening within the country and on the world scene, and increasing publicity [glasnost'] about the work of the agencies of Soviet government." The Communist Party associates improvement of socialist democracy particularly with the level of society's information "about the policies of the Party and state." (1) Therefore, the Soviet government pays much attention to the solution of questions associated with informing the citizenry about the work of governmental agencies and also about their regulation by law. Thus, for example, in the RSFSR law "On the District Soviet of Working People's Deputies of the RSFSR" (June 29, 1971), we read about the responsibility of the executive committee to inform the population about questions placed on the order of business of the soviet (Article 33), to bring decisions of the district soviet to the knowledge of the citizens (Article 38), and to report on its work at meetings of the working population and at citizens' places of employment (Article 55). Article 93 reads: "The district soviet of working people's deputies is responsible for informing the population about its functioning. …" Presidiums of the supreme Soviets of union and autonomous republics monitor observation of provisions of the law, assuring that the population will be widely informed on the work of state agencies. (2) In this connection, examination of the question of the content and forms whereby the population of the USSR becomes informed about the activity of state agencies is of interest.