涂改、伪造档案行为的法理分析

本文拟从涂改、伪造档案行为的概念入手,然后具体对涂改、伪造档案行为的性质及法律责任进行简要的分析和探讨。     

如何从票据上发现违纪问题

一、审核发票的票面。看有无涂改、刮擦、挖补痕迹,是否有用退色灵或橡皮等涂擦过的迹象,复写的字迹和颜色是否一致。特别是用复写的发票,有人涂改时可能忽视正反面的衔接,把发票正面数据涂改后,忽略把发票反面因复写时留下原     

"消字灵"的成分分析

在司法鉴定中常涉及到涂改、修改各种票据、遗嘱和其它法律文书等的检验鉴定.以确定其是否已经涂改?涂改前是否使用过褪色剂?为何种褪色剂等,目前国内仅有很少作者作过介绍[1-3],相关教材中也很少涉及此内容,故本课题针对浙江省某市消字灵的实际情况,对其进行成分剖析研究.     

户口簿岂能私自涂改?

近年来,湖北省保康县公安局在办理居民身份证业务时,发现私自涂改户口簿的现象时有发生,并且呈逐年大幅度上升之势,私改户口簿严重损害了户口管理工作的真实性、严肃性和法律性。干扰了户口管理部门正常工作。 一、私改户口簿的心态和目的: 私自涂改户口簿主要是涂改年龄,当问及为什么要私自涂     

论民事诉讼文书样式实例评注研究的引领功用

结合当前民事裁判文书说理不充分的现实困境,以法律评注研究在中国民事司法实践中的应用为研究对象,通过分析民事诉讼裁判文书说理不充分的深层次原因,将司法案例研究和法律评注研究方法与强化民事裁判文书说理改革相结合,倡导司法案例研究和法律评注研究相结合的民事诉讼文书样式实例评注研究方法。提出通过民事诉讼文书样式实例评注研究范式的本土化路径与方法研究,探寻文书样式和裁判要旨对民事诉讼案件审判中的诉讼行为、诉讼程序、案件管理、法律解释、法律适用等的规范性指引作用,进一步拓宽强化民事裁判文书说理的文书制作、写作与创作思路,寻求提升民事裁判文书判决充分说理的司法职业技能培育方法。进而论证推行法官员额制改革、司法责任制改革和审判权力运行制度改革后,司法综合配套改革应当如何引领民事诉讼裁判文书说理机制改革的发展方向。     

Micro-ATR技术对书写笔痕的鉴别

前言 在物证检验中,经常遇到用圆珠笔涂改、伪造合同书、票证、单据和契约等案件。对这类案子的侦破除了需要对纸张、笔迹进行鉴定外,还需要对圆珠笔油进行鉴定,以获得直接证据。但对文件上书写笔痕(圆珠笔油)的无损检测并非易事。     

文书司法鉴定标准化的艰难道路应当顺势拼闯

文书司法鉴定标准化管理既是势在必行,而又有不少困难,文中论证了文书司法鉴定标准化是司法鉴定法治管理必然要求的若干原因,分析了当前制定文书司法鉴定标准的有利条件,根据国家标准化法界定了文书司法鉴定标准的级别与性质,设计了文书司法鉴定标准内容结构的五大指标体系,策划了草拟文书司法鉴定标准方案的步骤方法,以期能为同行专家和相关部门开展这项工作引发思路和提供一些参考。     

国外怎样处理遮挡号牌

英国 英国警方一向把治理涂改、遮挡牌照的行为放在打击犯罪的高度上。根据英国法律，涂改和遮挡汽车号牌是违法的行为，最高可处以1000英镑（约合1万元人民币）的罚款。此外，相应的车辆将因无法通过年检而成为“黑车”。     

变造文件检验技术的应用研究

变造文书是证据伪造常见的手段之一,科学的变造文书检验鉴定可以为法庭案件审理提供证据和科学的判断,本文列举了各种变造文书的类型及特点,阐述了近几年来常见的变造文书的类型,以具体案例剖析了变造文书检验的具体技术及方法,并对变造文书检验未来的发展趋势提出自己的几点看法。     

食品永不过期 消费者权益谁来保质

进超市购买食品，人们最在乎包装袋上的保质期。但鲜为人知的是，包括许多名牌食品在内．保质期等信息都能用简单手段涂改。记者近期在北京、湖南追踪发现，一些商家借用印刷机械、有毒化学药剂等“道具”，涂改食品保质期如同“变戏法”，真假难辨。     

使用危险化学品实施放火案件的物证检验1例

随着科技的发展,分析仪器在刑事技术领域的应用越来越广泛,有时往往会忽视对传统化学分析方法的应用。作为检验无机粉末的常用仪器,扫描电镜/能谱仪(SEM/EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)受检出限的影响,无法准确分析样品中的低含量组分。本文在一起危险化学品放火案件检验中,为确定样品中含S元素的物质种类,利用化学分析法对其进行沉淀富集,再使用SEM/EDS和XRD检验,确认其中含有KMnO4和KHSO4,推测嫌疑人使用KMnO4和浓H2SO4等危险化学品实施放火,这在日常工作中比较罕见。通过总结相关工作经验,可为类似案事件的预防、物证提取和检验提供新的思路。     

A rapid test for heroin (3,6-diacetylmorphine) based on two chemiluminescence reactions

A rapid method for screening drug seizure samples for 3,6-diacetylmorphine (heroin), which consists of a simple hydrolysis procedure and flow-injection analysis with two chemiluminescence reagents, is described. Before hydrolysis, 3,6-diacetylmorphine evokes an intense response with a tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) reagent (prepared by dissolving the perchlorate salt in acetonitrile), and a relatively weak chemiluminescence response with a second reagent: potassium permanganate in an aqueous acidic polyphosphate solution. However, the permanganate reagent is extremely sensitive toward the hydrolysis products of 3,6-diacetylmorphine (i.e., 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine). Some compounds commonly found in drug laboratories may cause false positives with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III), but do not produce the markedly increased response with the permanganate reagent after the hydrolysis procedure. The combination of these two tests therefore provides an effective presumptive test for the presence of 3,6-diacetylmorphine, which we have verified with 14 samples obtained from a forensic science laboratory.     

The determination of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by HPLC utilizing a dual reagent acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection system

This paper describes a procedure for the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in mushroom extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography with postcolumn chemiluminescence detection. A number of extraction methods for psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms were investigated, with a simple methanolic extraction being found to be most effective. Psilocin and psilocybin were extracted from a variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms using methanol. The analytes were separated on a C12 column using a (95:5% v/v) methanol:10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.5 mobile phase with a run time of 5 min. Detection was realized through a dual reagent chemiluminescence detection system of acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II). The chemiluminescence detection system gave improved detectability when compared with UV absorption at 269 nm, with detection limits of 1.2 x 10(-8) and 3.5 x 10(-9) mol/L being obtained for psilocin and psilocybin, respectively. The procedure was applied to the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in three Australian species of hallucinogenic mushroom.     

3种甲苯胺蓝异染肥大细胞方法的比较

目的比较3种甲苯胺蓝异染肥大细胞方法的应用性。方法采用甲苯胺蓝水溶液与高锰酸钾配比染色（方法一）、甲苯胺蓝酒精溶液和氯化钠溶液配比（方法二）、甲苯胺蓝水溶液染色、冰醋酸分色（方法三）3种方法对人和小鼠肺组织冰冻切片进行染色,比较染色结果、并评价方法稳定性及实用性。结果方法一染色肺组织切片,结果切片蓝色背景清晰,肥大细胞胞质内紫红色颗粒鲜明,与背景蓝色对比度高,易辨识,且多次重复染色效果稳定;方法二及方法三肺组织的蓝染背景、和肥大细胞胞浆颗粒的紫红色染之间的对比度均不及方法一清晰,稳定性亦次之。结论甲苯胺蓝水溶液与高锰酸钾配比染色法异染肺组织冰冻切片,结果清晰、操作简便且稳定性好,适合在相关检验中选用。     

Accumulation of explosives in hair--Part 3: Binding site study

This study extends previous work on the sorption of explosives to the hair matrix. Specifically, we have studied the interaction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP) as a function of chemical pretreatment with acetonitrile, neutral and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, methanolic KOH and potassium permanganate, and the morphological changes that accompany these treatments. While differences in vapor pressure can account for quantitative differences between TNT and TATP sorption, both are markedly affected by the chemical rinses. Examination of the hair surface shows different degrees of smoothening following rinsing, suggesting that the attachment to hair is largely a surface phenomenon involving the 18-methyleicosanoic acid lipid layer. Density functional theory calculations were employed to explore possible nucleation sites of TATP microcrystals on the hair. We conclude that some of the sites on melanin granular surfaces may support nucleation of TATP microcrystals. Moreover, the calculations support the experimental finding that dark hair adsorbs explosives better than light hair.     

Sex determination from plucked human hairs without epithelial root sheath. II. Depigmentation of melanin in the hair cortex before Feulgen reaction

In hair roots devoid of the epithelial root sheath, an attempt was made to decolorize the melanin granules without affecting the Feulgen reaction for the sex chromatin. The hair samples were treated with 0.25% potassium permanganate for 1 hour, 0.3% hydrogen peroxide for 1 minute and 5% oxalic acid for 5 minutes, and then stained with Feulgen. The frequency of sex chromatins ranged from 22% to 47% (average 32%) in female samples and from 0% to 8% (average 5%) in male samples. Thus, the frequency distributions of the male and female samples were completely independent of each other. The sex chromatins in dried female hairs were detectable at a frequency of 16 – 26% several weeks after plucking. The depigmentation procedure almost completely bleached the melanin granules in the hair cortex, and produced no harmful effect on the Feulgen reaction that followed.     

Tropane ethyl esters in illicit cocaine: isolation, detection, and determination of new manufacturing by-products from the clandestine purification of crude cocaine base with ethanol

Seven ethyl homologues of known tropane esters have recently been detected as impurities in the gas chromatographic signature profiles of authentic Peruvian illicit cocaine base and hydrochloride exhibits. Peruvian cocaine base processors are now known to use ethanol for the purification of crude cocaine base. This process is referred to as the "base lavada" or "washed base" process and is a recent substitute method for the potassium permanganate oxidation purification methodology. Seven ethyl ester homologues were formed in illicit cocaine from the transesterification of known tropane methyl esters or possibly ethyl esterification of their respective tropane C-2 carboxylic acids in the presence of ethanol. Exhibits containing these compounds were subjected to gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses to determine their identity and were subsequently synthesized to verify their structures. Quantitative determinations were obtained from ion-pair chromatography isolation followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Specifically, hexanoylecgonine ethyl ester, cocaethylene, cis-cinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester, trans-cinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester, 3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoylecgonine ethyl ester, cis-3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester, and trans-3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester were detected and characterized. When present, these compounds were detected at levels ranging from 8.6 x 10(-4) to 9.3 x 10(-1)% relative to cocaine.     

Analysis of potassium permanganate as addictive drug "precursor"

Potassium permanganate is used for the production of cocaine and methylcathinone. The third convention of the UN against narcotic drugs (1988) contains a list of so-called precursors, substances commonly used for the production of narcotic drugs. The control of the precursors can be a very important step to prevent the illicit production of narcotic substances. A chemical characterization of a seized product may contribute to determine the origin of the producing company and the trade channels and to prevent further illicit deliveries. 31 samples of permanganate (19 authentic and 12 seized samples) have been analyzed for 9 metallic elements. Detailed procedures for the emission spectrography and ICP-analysis are given and the range of concentrations is tabulated. It was surprising that no significant concentrations of metals like chromium, nickel or cobalt were present. Nor was the difference between the technical and analytically pure products sufficient to make a differentiation according to origin. This is probably attributable to the technical manufacture of permanganate by electrolysis. All the statistical analyses of the results performed on the available data do not allow conclusions as to the country of origin or manufacturer, as production batches of one and the same manufacturer may also show differences. Only the morphology of the product (crystals, powder or "free flowing") allows a certain characterization. Nevertheless it seems necessary to analyze all seized samples for impurities and to establish a table of "impurity profiling" in the future in order to receive more information and to find correlations in selected cases.     

Vitreous Humor: Biochemical Constituents in Estimation of Postmortem Interval*,†

Abstract: Analysis of biochemical constituents of the vitreous humor can be useful in determining the postmortem interval as there is proportionate postmortem rise of potassium and fall in sodium concentration. We studied 120 autopsy cases to determine the utility of potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride levels, and sodium/potassium ratio in estimating the postmortem interval. There was a linear relationship between vitreous potassium concentration and postmortem interval, whereas an inverse relationship between vitreous sodium/potassium ratio and postmortem interval was noted. Other factors like age, sex, cause of death, season of death, and refrigeration of sample did not influence the vitreous humor potassium values. Using the statistical tools, a new formula was derived to determine the postmortem interval based on the potassium concentration and a review of previous literature is presented. Hence, the findings of this study supported a central role of vitreous humor biochemistry in many postmortem forensic and pathological evaluations.     

A new biochemical method for estimation of postmortem time.

Hypoxanthine (Hx) is formed by hypoxic degradation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and might be elevated due to antemortem hypoxia. However, it also increases after cessation of the life processes. Until now measurements of potassium in corpus vitreous humor have been used by forensic pathologists to determine postmortem time. In this study the influence of postmortem time and temperature on vitreous humor Hx and potassium levels were compared. Repeated sampling of vitreous humor was performed in 87 subjects with known time of death and diagnosis. The bodies were kept at either 5 degrees C, 10 degrees C, 15 degrees C or 23 degrees C. Hx was measured by means of HPLC and potassium by flame photometry. In 19 subjects from whom samples were obtained within 1.5 h after death, the normal level of Hx could be estimated to be 7.6 mumol/l and that of potassium to be 5.8 mmol/l. The spread of the potassium levels measured shortly after death was much greater than for the corresponding Hx levels. In the four temperature groups the Hx level increased 4.2, 5.1, 6.2 and 8.8 mumol/l per h, respectively, whereas the corresponding figures for potassium were 0.17, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 mmol/l per h. The vitreous humor concentration of both Hx and potassium increases fairly linearly after death. The slopes are steeper with increasing temperature. Since the scatter of the levels is greater for potassium than for Hx, the latter parameter seems to be better suited for the determination of time of death in cases without antemortem hypoxia, especially during the first 24 h.