毒品犯罪中的新问题

近两年，有关毒品犯罪的审判实践和理论研讨中出现了几个新问题，有必要进行深入探讨。一、运输毒品罪是否可有可无有一种新的观点认为：为了走私、贩卖而运输毒品的，目的行为可吸收手段行为，以走私毒品罪或贩卖毒品罪定罪，在量刑上从重即可；其他如转移运输毒品或吸食者购买后运输毒品的行为，以非法持有毒品罪定罪量刑即可，故运输毒品罪可有可无，存在的价值不大。我们认为，运输毒品罪有其独立的存在价值，在现阶段不宜废除。运输毒品的犯罪活动使毒品从生产领域进入到消费领域，它极大地促进了毒品的非法交易和非法消费，在中间环节…     

运输毒品行为的定性

运输毒品,是指明知是毒品而非法运输的行为。运输毒品行为根据运输目的的不同可以分为为贩卖而运输毒品、为转移而运输毒品以及为吸食而运输毒品。并非所有的运输毒品行为都构成运输毒品罪,认定运输毒品时应结合其目的分别以贩卖毒品罪、运输毒品罪和非法持有毒品罪定罪处罚,但是,如果为吸食而运输的毒品数量较小则不作为犯罪处理。     

运输毒品认定中的疑难问题再研究

在二人以上共同以体内藏毒方式运输毒品成立运输毒品罪的场合,行为人不构成运输毒品罪的共同实行犯,毒品数量应分别计算。吸毒人员在运输毒品过程中被查获,没有证据证明是为了走私、贩卖毒品的,行为的性质要具体分析。对于运输毒品罪本质的界定,需要综合考虑运输行为的物理意义和规范意义,只有毒品空间的位移具有实现和促进商品流通的意义时,才能认定为成立运输毒品罪。     

合成毒品中间体犯罪的定性与规制

合成毒品中间体是合成毒品制造过程中的中间产物。不法分子为规避刑法适用细化分 工进行分段生产，这是毒品斗争面临的新形势，也对毒品刑法理论和刑事治理提出了新考验。在当前 法律框架下，合成毒品中间体的法律属性不明，司法实践中定性困难、同种行为不同罪或同罪不同罚、 罚不当其罪等现象时有发生。应首先依照法定程序将其作为制毒物品列入管制，对此类犯罪以非法生 产、买卖、运输制毒物品罪或走私制毒物品罪定罪量刑；从长远看，应通过修改相关刑法规范、增设新罪 名加以有效规制，阻断可能引发的新型毒品犯罪蔓延。     

运输毒品罪及其相关犯罪辨析

无论是天然毒品还是经加工或者合成的毒品,在最终进入市场、产生实际危害社会的结果之前,大多要经过运输这一途径,因而运输毒品是毒品犯罪中非常重要的一个环节,故许多国家将运输毒品行为纳入到走私毒品、贩卖毒品的行为中进行打击,亦有部分国家单独规定了运输毒品罪（但具体表述各不相同）。     

居间介绍买卖毒品行为的认定——田杨、匡更明贩卖毒品、非法持有毒品案

在居间介绍买卖毒品犯罪中．应区分居间介绍行为的不同情况，对居间行为人分别定罪处罚，不能一概认定为贩卖毒品罪的共犯。其中，为毒品的出卖方推销、介绍毒品的居间行为人，应认定为贩卖毒品罪；受吸食毒品者委托，帮助吸毒者购买毒品的居间行为人，应认定为非法持有毒品罪。     

关于审理毒品犯罪案件的几个问题

一、同一被告人实施了多种毒品犯罪行为的定罪问题 我们认为。同一被告人实施了多种毒品犯罪行为,应根据不同情况分别处理: 同一被告人在同类毒品犯罪中实施了多种犯罪行为,应选择其中一个重行为定罪,不宜搞数罪并罚。《决定》规定了几种同类犯罪,如第二条就将走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品规定为同类犯罪。若被告人既有走私毒品行为,又有运输、贩卖毒品行为。此时应选择其中次数最多、数额最大等情节最重的一种行为     

非法持有毒品罪中的刑事推定问题

非法持有毒品罪,是我国刑法规定的毒品犯罪的一种,同走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪相比,罪行较轻。从该罪名的立法沿革来看,非法持有毒品罪为走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪的堵截式规定,隐含了对毒品持有行为这一客观事实在法律规范上的推定,这种推定同刑法规定的其他持有型犯罪,如巨额财产来源不明罪、非法持有国家绝密、机密文件、资料或其他物品罪等罪的推定情形相比,有其特殊性。     

未成年人毒品犯罪刑法适用若干问题研究

已满14岁不满16岁的未成年人不应对走私、运输、制造毒品行为负刑事责任,也不应对贩卖毒品行为承担刑事责任;未成年人毒品犯罪不属于罪行极其严重的犯罪,对未成年人毒品犯罪不应适用无期徒刑;所有未成年人毒品犯罪都不应适用罚金刑。     

浅析贩卖毒品罪的既、未遂

我国刑法规定的贩卖毒品罪是明知是毒品而故意实施贩卖的行为,客观表现为非法销售毒品或以贩卖为目的而非法收买毒品的行为。对于贩卖毒品罪的既、未遂形态的正确判断不仅关乎微观点定罪量刑正确与否,而且关系到刑法应当具有的正义价值能否实现、刑事法治的状态能否造就的根本问题,具有理论和实践的双重价值。     

运输毒品罪既遂、未遂问题探析

基于运输毒品罪是行为犯这一特性,运输毒品罪应以运输行为的完成(即运输毒品抵达目的地)为既遂。若行为人着手实行后,由于行为人意志以外的原因而未能运抵目的地,则是运输毒品罪未遂。鉴于毒品犯罪的共同犯罪形式较为常见,其既遂、未遂问题应参照单独犯的标准予以认定。当共同犯罪是以共犯(狭义)和正犯方式组合,应以“二重性说”为基础来认定,当共同犯罪是以共同正犯形态进行,则应以“整体既遂说”予以认定。     

论刑罚的公平性

刑罚的公平性有两种根据：一种是刑罚的报应根据，认为刑罚量的分配应该与已然之罪等量或等价；二是刑罚的预防根据，认为刑罚量的分配应该与未然之罪相适应。本文认为，刑罚分配的公平性既通过刑罚的报应根据（刑罚与主观恶性、客观危害相适应）体现出来，又通过刑罚的预防根据（刑罚与再犯可能、初犯可能相适应）体现出来，是二者对立统一的结果。     

How Strong Is Public Support for the Death Penalty in Singapore?

Singapore is well known internationally for its uncompromising stance towards law and order and its use of the death penalty in particular for murder and drug trafficking. Until 2012, it was one of the few countries in the world where the death penalty was mandatory for persons convicted of these two crimes. The law was amended in 2012 to give a judge the choice to impose the death penalty or life imprisonment (with caning) for non-intentional murder and drug trafficking in some situations. What do Singaporeans think of the use of the death penalty in their own country? This article reports on some findings of a survey conducted in 2016 on 1500 Singaporeans to assess their knowledge and support of the death penalty.     

Legislative note: the abolition of the death penalty for drug offenses in The Gambia

The Gambia, the smallest mainland country in Africa, is increasingly a transit point for illicit drug traffic between Latin America and Europe. As part of President Yayeh Jammeh’s attempts to crack down on this drug trade, in October 2010 the Gambian legislature passed a mandatory sentence of death for drug trafficking for persons possessing more than 250 grams of cocaine or heroin. The law was not constitutionally operable, however, because of Article 18(2) of the Gambian constitution, which forbids the death penalty for crimes other than aggravated or premeditated murder. Consequently, the death penalty for drug trafficking was abolished in April 2011.     

论共同过失犯罪

从主客观相一致原则和罪责刑相适应原则论证共同过失犯罪统一定罪量刑的合理性,并提出共 同过失犯罪成立的条件和立法献言。     

量刑与定罪互动论:为了量刑公正可变换罪名

现行刑法理论中定罪与量刑的关系被扭曲了,刑法理论把准确定罪置于至高无上的地位,司法机关把大量精力耗费于准确判断罪名,定罪决定量刑、量刑不可能影响罪名成为刑法公理。但是,判断罪名意义上的定罪,并非刑法的目的;对被告人和社会最有意义的是量刑,判断罪名只是为公正量刑服务的;因此,如果常规判断的罪名会使量刑失当,就可以为了公正量刑而适度变换罪名。     

Psychiatric hospitalization history and parole decisions

The present study investigates the impact of a recent history of psychiatric hospitalization on obtaining parole for an exit cohort of male offenders. Legal variables (number of prior imprisonments, prior arrest for violent crime, use of violence in current offense, conviction for drug-related offense, history of drug use, and annual prison infraction rate), social and community support variables (marital status, education, area of conviction, family support, and occupation), and extralegal variables (race and age at release) are all examined, along with psychiatric hospitalization history, for their impact on the parole decision-making process and, ultimately, the percentage of maximum sentence served. The results from logistic regression and multiple regression indicate that psychiatric hospitalization history significantly reduces the likelihood of receiving parole and increases the percentage of maximum sentence served. This relationship persists once other variables have been controlled. Possible explanations and policy implications are discussed.     

毒品犯罪死刑司法适用标准研究

死刑是我国遏制毒品犯罪的一项重要刑罚措施,然而,由于司法实践中对毒品犯罪死刑适用标准的理解存在偏差,如机械理解《刑法》第347条的规定,导致毒品犯罪死刑适用标准过低,对毒品犯罪中不应当判处死刑与判处死刑“不是必须立即执行”的界限把握不当等。虽然毒品犯罪死刑适用情形较多,但控制毒品犯罪的效果并不明显。为充分保障人权及有效发挥死刑在预防毒品犯罪中的作用,必须在以人为本的理念下,坚持等价性、必要性和不得已性三个原则,根据《刑法》第48条之规定所体现的严格限制死刑的精神,正确理解《刑法》第347条第2款关于毒品犯罪死刑适用条件的规定,合理确立毒品犯罪死刑适用标准。     

Sentencing Female Drug Offenders: Reexamining Racial and Ethnic Disparities

This study analyzes the relationship between race/ethnicity and sentencing outcomes for female drug offenders in Florida. Grounded in the focal concerns perspective, the research examines whether, in the specific case of drug offenders, minority women are treated more harshly than White women. Interaction models are estimated to determine the influence of drug offense type on racial and ethnic sentencing disparities. Differences in sentencing outcomes are also examined following significant policy changes in the state. In general, the findings suggest that minority female drug offenders are disadvantaged at both the incarceration and sentence length decisions. It also appears that perceptions of dangerousness associated with female offenders' race/ethnicity and offense are incorporated into sentencing authorities' patterned responses. That is, the level of disparity between Black, Hispanic, and White females is conditioned by type of drug offense in the interaction models. The changes in sentencing policy also impact the role of race and ethnicity in sentencing decisions. By analyzing drug offenders exclusively, the current study clarifies the role of race in sentencing decisions for females. In contrast to prior research that examined all offense categories together, the current study suggests that for drug offenses, minority females may, in fact, be deemed more dangerous and culpable than White female drug offenders.     

贪利性犯罪死刑正当性的犯罪学追问

贪利性犯罪的死刑是现阶段我国在死刑控制问题上面临的一个突出问题。目前,理论上有关贪利性犯罪死刑正当性的思考,大多局限于法理或伦理上的一般性思辨,而缺乏从事实层面对“为什么对贪利性犯罪不应当配置死刑”这一核心问题的深入追问。基于死刑与贪利性犯罪的社会危害性特点具有不相容性、死刑与贪利性犯罪的原因具有不匹配性和死刑于贪利性犯罪无任何积极功效的分析,利用死刑与贪利性犯罪作斗争,在反犯罪策略上是一种缺乏事实根据的非理性选择。为此,在立法尚未改变之前,理性控制贪利性犯罪死刑的司法适用,是时代赋予司法者的政治和道义责任。