法医昆虫毒理学在药(毒)物检测中的应用与发展

作为重要的毒物检测新途径,法医昆虫毒理学在推断高度腐败或白骨化尸体生前染毒状况方面已愈发显示出其独特优势.本文概括了法医昆虫毒理学在药(毒)物检测领域的发展历程,整理了检测所涉及各药(毒)物、相应阳性昆虫枪材,阐述了通过昆虫样本进行毒理学检测的优势,并对尸-虫间药物浓度相关性进行了分析总结.     

Fly larvae: a new toxicological method of investigation in forensic medicine

Toxicological analyses on a putrefied cadaver are sometimes difficult to achieve because of the absence of blood and urine. In this study, maggots, living material, are proposed as a new medium of investigation in forensic medicine. Five drugs (triazolam, oxazepam, phenobarbital, alimemazine, and clomipramine) were identified and assayed in some tissues of a putrefied cadaver and in the maggots found on and in the body.     

Asbestos body burden in decomposed human lungs

The authors discuss the influence of postmortem tissue decomposition on the lung asbestos body (AB) burden, with the aim of evaluating the reliability of data obtained from autopsies performed for medicolegal purposes several months after deaths in possible connection with asbestos-related pathology. Eight autopsy cases were selected, each one with occupational exposure considered very probable on the basis of the history or pathologic findings. In each case the AB concentrations were assessed soon after death in one lung and after periods of 1 to 18 months in the others, which had been stored in sealed containers without fixation. AB concentrations consistently decreased with time in rotten lungs. The counts in some cases became negative a few months after death, even in cases with very high AB counts at first examination. It may be reasonably inferred that, in putrefied lungs from corpses exhumed after months of internment, the counts in digested tissues and the screening of histologic sections for AB may give false-negative results.     

Cases of fatal poisoning in post-mortem examinations at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Greifswald--analysis of five decades of post-mortems

Apparently, fatal poisoning as cause of death are still rarely found in unnatural deaths investigated in the institutes of forensic medicine. In the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Greifswald, 10-15% of the post-mortem autopsies displayed an intoxication during the last several decades with a possible decreasing tendency. Thirteen thousand eight hundred and nineteen autopsies were carried out in our institute-situated in a low populated rural area-during the last 50 years with the confirmed death cause intoxication in 1,589 times. In this study, especially the intoxication causes and the substance classes of the poisonous agents have been investigated. In addition, we analyzed the frequency of intoxications as well as sex and age of the deceased. Surprisingly, CO-intoxications were found most frequently with an incidence of 49% followed by alcohol intoxications with 21%. The latter was not unexpected taking into account the habits of the local population. Medical drugs and narcotics take only the third place, although the abuse of modern narcotics drugs is already visible even in the far east of Germany. The spectrum of substances which are abused, taken accidentally or deliberately is continuously changing, reflecting scientific progress in the pharmaceutical industry as well as fashion tendencies. Therapeutic use is almost always followed by abuse. Our results confirm prior experience concentrating mostly on other poisons like heavy metals or herbicides, etc. In addition, we could demonstrate the influence of political conditions on use and distribution of illegal drugs in Germany. Our study clearly demonstrates that insufficient equipment or analytical methods are no longer the reason for any problems uncovering lethal intoxications. They are rather due to insufficient investigations of the corpses (without considering the possibility of an intoxication as differential diagnosis) and to frequent mistakes of the prosecutor's office in death without signs of physical violence. These facts may explain the above mentioned decreasing tendency of intoxications, but they also clarify that this tendency probably does not correspond to reality.     

电击兔肢体所致骨损伤后的实验性研究

目的220V交流电击兔肢体后,观察电击部位骨表面的病理改变,为法医病理诊断电击伤提供客观、量化的指标。方法用220V交流电作为损伤电压。动物分为:生前电击组、死后5m in电击组、腐败组及正常对照组。每组骨骼标本均进行肉眼检察、X线检测及SEM观察;同时运用能谱仪测量电击部位元素的种类及含量。结果①电击部位骨皮质SEM下骨皮质紊乱、小孔穴形成、周围高密度影环绕,且钙、磷元素升高,碳元素下降是诊断电击伤的指标,并能鉴别生前、死后电击伤及腐败骨。②小孔穴的形态及钙、磷、碳元素的变化可用于推断电击时间。结论电击造成骨组织的形态及电击部位元素的改变可作为鉴别生前、死后电击伤、腐败骨和推断电击时间的指标。     

Toxicology case data reporting system

A computerized system has been organized to serve the toxicology sections of seven R.C.M.P. laboratories across Canada. Scientists may view and retrieve information concerning drugs and drug combinations, blood and liver drug concentrations, etc. from cases of sudden death or impaired driving which were analyzed in the laboratories. This has proven to be a great help in interpreting toxicology case results for the investigator or the courts and also in choosing methodology to be used in analyzing specimens for unusual drugs or poisons.     

Caddisflies assist with homicide case: determining a postmortem submersion interval using aquatic insects

Although few indicators of time since death for corpses found in aquatic ecosystems are comparable in precision to the insect indicators used in terrestrial cases, there are observations that can be useful in suggesting or ruling out an approximate PMSI (postmortem submersion interval). For example, the time intervals required for certain growth phases of aquatic insects, such as caddisflies, that may attach themselves to the submerged remains can be used to estimate a minimum PMSI. Approximately 8 of the 13 orders of insects containing species with aquatic or semi-aquatic stages are likely to be associated with carrion or corpses in aquatic habitats. We present a case study in which portions of a body from an adult male were discovered in a south central Michigan stream. The body was dismembered and portions were recovered from two bags floating and submerged in the stream. Insect specimens collected from mesh and plastic bags consisted of one fly larva belonging to the family Muscidae, and caddisfly larvae belonging to two families: the Limnephilidae. (case-makers) and the Hydropsychidae, (net spinners). We used unique case-building behaviors of the limnephilid caddisflies found on the remains to elucidate a PMSI range consistent with the disappearance of the victim. It is important for forensic investigators to understand that although some precision is lost in estimating a PMSI with aquatic insects, these organisms should not be ignored in gathering evidence from aquatic crime scenes, and in fact, they can provide valuable details in estimating a PMSI.     

Inventing Drugs: A Genealogy of a Regulatory Concept

The trade in, and consumption of, illicit drugs is perhaps the archetypal ‘wicked problem’ of our time – complex, globalized, and seemingly intractable – and presents us with one of the very hardest legal and policy challenges of the twenty‐first century. The central concept of a ‘drug’ remains under‐theorized and largely neglected by critical socio‐legal and criminological scholars. Drawing on a range of primary archival material and secondary sources, this article sets out a genealogy of the concept, assembled a little over a century ago out of diverse lines of development. It is argued that the drug label is an invented legal‐regulatory construct closely bound up with the global drug prohibition system. Many contemporary features of the ‘war on drugs’ bear traces of this genealogy, notably how drug law enforcement often contributes to racial and social injustice. To move beyond prohibition, radical law and policy reform may require us to abandon the drug concept entirely.     

民间资本运行的危机透视与法制思考

近来民间资本运行的乱象频现,凸显民间资本运行之危机。本文通过当前发生的民间资本运行中的典型个案,透视民间资本运行的混乱的现象、根源及危害,揭示民间资本运行中法律机制的缺失和监督机制的失灵,在此基础上,思考探索如何为民间资本运行构建良性的法律保障机制。     

Cause of death and drug use pattern in deceased drug addicts in Sweden, 2002-2003

Compared with their contemporaries, individuals abusing illicit drugs suffer a higher risk of premature death. In Sweden, a simple protocol for registration of fatalities among abusers of alcohol, pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, or other substances, has been used by the forensic pathologists since 2001. This routine was introduced to allow for an evaluation of the cause and manner of death, and patterns of abuse among different groups of abusers. We explored the data on drug abusers (i.e. abusers of illicit drugs) subjected to a forensic autopsy 2002-2003. The Swedish forensic pathologists examined 10,273 dead victims during the study period and 7% (743/10,273) of the cases were classified as drug abusers. Toxicological analyses were carried out in 99% (736/743) and illicit drugs were detected in 70% (514/736) of these. On average, 3.8 substances (legal or illegal) were found per case. The most common substances were ethanol and morphine, detected in 43 and 35% of the cases, respectively. When exploring the importance of the different substances for the cause of death, we found that the detection of some substances, such as fentanyl and morphine, strongly indicated a poisoning, whereas certain other substances, such as benzodiazepines more often were incidental findings. In total, 50% (372/743) died of poisoning, whereas only 22% (161/743) died of natural causes. Death was considered to be directly or indirectly due to drug abuse in 47% (346/743), whereas evidence of drug abuse was an incidental finding in 21% (153/743) or based on case history alone in 33% (244/743). We believe that this strategy to prospectively categorize deaths among drug addicts constitutes a simple means of standardizing the surveillance of the death toll among drug addicts that could allow for comparisons over time and between countries.     

Phosphoglucomutase isoenzymes in human teeth

Powdered dentine samples were prepared from fresh teeth and teeth allowed to putrefy for up to 90 days. In some samples dentine only was included, whereas in others dentine plus pulp remnants were used. Extracts of the powders were tested for phosphoglucomutase activity by starch gel electrophoresis and PGM typing was carried out. Fresh teeth showed activity in at least 50% of cases as did putrefied dentine plus pulp remnants. Putrefied dentine alone showed minimal activity. The method may be useful for identification procedures using fragments of teeth.     

法医毒理学的结果解释（下）

法医毒理学的主要任务是从生物检材中分析毒（药）物,并且推断毒（药）物浓度对死亡或行为能力的作用程度,结果解释是法医毒理学的最终目的。现代法医毒理学主要包括死后法医毒理学、滥用药物筛查和行为能力影响三个方面,由此探讨在进行结果解释时的诸多影响因素。进行法医毒理学的结果解释时应非常慎重,充分了解案情和调查结果,全面考虑毒（药）物的毒性、生物检材、药代动力学、体内再分布、药物交叉反应等多种因素,才能对案件作出较为准确的结果解释。     

Identification of fragmented bodies in large-scale accidents

Organizational aspects of the forensic medical expertise of fragmented corpses in cases of huge death-rolls are discussed. Algorithm of identification examinations; principle requirements applicable to expert's examinations in cases when the objects of examination are brought in within some time intervals; as well as peculiarities and methods of registration, of separate examinations and of classification of objects are under consideration.     

Early postmortem course of washerwoman's skin of the fingers

Studies were carried out systematically in both corpses and the hands of corpses in order to find out when " washerwoman 's skin" begins. The temperatures ranged between 10 degrees and 18 degrees C and the time of the experiments did not exceed 300 min. The initial formation of washerwoman 's skin could be observed after 20-30 min at the fingertips and after 50-60 min in the entire finger. The longest intervals observed were 100 or 150 min, respectively. These long intervals were interpreted as being exceptions from the norm, probably due to either extraordinarily heavy strips of fat on the fingers or abnormally hard skin on the hands. The course of washerwoman 's skin obviously depends on the water temperature, and afterwards it disappears rather slowly--even after a short immersion--in the open air. We will carry out additional experiments in the future.     

Microbial contamination of ABO antigens in bone tissue

Fragments of human bones were stored in different media for two years and then expression of the ABO antigens was indicated. Simultaneously, microbiological investigations were performed. In almost all cases, different ABO substances were detected in putrefied and fresh bones taken from the same person. Blood group antigens found in putrefied bones were compared with serological activity of bacterium cultured from these tissues. Attempts were made to remove unspecific reactions. The authors assume that bacteria are responsible for nonspecific serological reactions, not only as a carrier of blood-group-like substances, but also as a source of enzymes responsible for changes in the structure of ABO antigens in putrefied bones.     

冬季且被严重焚烧的尸体上也会有昆虫

一例凶杀案件发生于广东省最冷的1-2月,尸体经过了焚烧至大部分组织炭化,但在该被害者身上仍旧发现了蝇类昆虫,应用这些昆虫的发育进度准确的推断出了死亡时间。与其它季节未经过焚烧的尸体比较,该现场昆虫的种类、数量均明显减少,昆虫也主要分布于尸体下方避风处的腐败物质中。另外,在该尸体上片状分布着一层霉菌,这些霉菌的状态显然有时间相关性,提示我们通过对霉菌的研究也能找到死亡时间的线索。     

Superimposition of ante- and post-mortem photographs of tattoos as a means of identification--a case report

With the rising number of tattooed people tattoos have become increasingly important for the identification of unknown corpses. Tattoos can be helpful in both phases of the identification process, either by providing clues to the identity of an unknown person or body or as a means of verifying a postulated identity. In the presented case, an ante-mortem photograph of a tattoo was available although it was of poor quality. The respective skin region of the body was photographed from the same angle as the tattoo on the ante-mortem photograph. When superimposing the two photos, the tattoos were found to match and the identity of the body could be verified.     

Toxicology and fly larvae on a putrefied cadaver

Toxicological analyses on a putrefied cadaver are sometimes difficult to achieve, due to the absence of blood and/or urine. In this study, morphine and phenobarbital were simultaneously identified and assayed in several tissues of a putrefied cadaver and in the fly larvae of Calliphoridae found on the corpse.     

丽蝇科蝇类的生物学特性及其法医学应用

双翅目（Diptera）丽蝇科（Calliphoridae）蝇类是最早出现在腐败尸体、尸块上的主要蝇类。在法医昆虫学领域,根据丽蝇科的生活特性,可以较准确地推断出凶杀案或无名尸案的死亡时间（postmorteminter．val,PMI）,为案件侦破提供有利线索。本文介绍了丽蝇科蝇类的生物学、形态学特征,并对其在法医昆虫学与分子生物学、数学形态学、法医毒理学方面的联合应用进行了综述。     

Detection of diatoms in blood by a combination of membrane filtering and chemical digestion

An improved method for detecting diatom in blood is reported. Blood of cadavers was obtained by cardiac puncture at inquest or from the left atrium directly at autopsy. The blood was hemolyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and filtered through membrane filter (47 mm in diameter and 5 microns in pore size). When the blood was putrefied, two or three pieces of membranes filters were needed because of choking membrane pore. The membrane filters were digested with fuming nitric acid and diluted with distilled water. The diluted solution was filtered through membrane filter (25 mm in diameter) again. After drying the membrane filter was immersed in oil. Diatoms on the membrane filter were clearly observed microscopically.