法医昆虫毒理学研究进展

法医昆虫毒理学是应用昆虫学、毒理学及其他相关学科知识解决涉及中毒问题的法医学分支学科,在中毒死的法医学鉴定方面具有明显优势。本文在阐述法医昆虫毒理学定义和研究内容基础上,综述毒(药)物对嗜尸性昆虫的生长发育影响,毒(药)物在中毒尸体组织的定性定量分析,以及其在法医学领域的研究进展和应用价值。     

法医毒理学的结果解释（下）

法医毒理学的主要任务是从生物检材中分析毒（药）物,并且推断毒（药）物浓度对死亡或行为能力的作用程度,结果解释是法医毒理学的最终目的。现代法医毒理学主要包括死后法医毒理学、滥用药物筛查和行为能力影响三个方面,由此探讨在进行结果解释时的诸多影响因素。进行法医毒理学的结果解释时应非常慎重,充分了解案情和调查结果,全面考虑毒（药）物的毒性、生物检材、药代动力学、体内再分布、药物交叉反应等多种因素,才能对案件作出较为准确的结果解释。     

法医毒理学的结果解释（上）

法医毒理学的主要任务是从生物检材中分析毒（药）物,并且推断毒（药）物浓度对死亡或行为能力的作用程度,结果解释是法医毒理学的最终目的。现代法医毒理学主要包括死后法医毒理学、滥用药物筛查和行为能力影响三个方面,由此探讨在进行结果解释时的诸多影响因素。进行法医毒理学的结果解释时应非常慎重,充分了解案情和调查结果,充分考虑毒（药）物的毒性、生物检材、药代动力学、体内再分布、药物交叉反应等多种因素,才能对案件作出较为准确的结果解释。     

我国法医昆虫学的研究进展

法医昆虫学是应用昆虫学知识解决有关法律问题的法医学分支学科。在推断死亡时间等方面具有明显优势。本文在阐述法医昆虫学定义和研究内容基础上,综述尸体上的昆虫生态群落演替现象、昆虫发育形态学、DNA分析技术的应用、法医昆虫毒理学等法医昆虫学问题在我国的研究进展。     

法医毒物化学专业

法化学研究室成立于1956年,现有化学、药学、卫生学、检验学专业人员8名,其中高级职称5名、中级职称2名、初级职你1名。 法化学专业主要从事法医毒物分析及毒理学方面的鉴定、研究、教学工作。运用化学、物理学、生物学的原理和方法,对体内外未知毒(药)物进行定性和定量分析;并运用毒理学理论和方法,通过对毒(药)物的毒性、中毒机理、代谢动力学及卫生等方面问题的分析,综合作出毒(药)物中毒的性质、方式、程度及危害的评定。另外法化学专业也从事一些相关的化学鉴定工作。 主要仪器设备有气相色谱仪(GC)、高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)、气/质联用仪(GC/MS、GC/MS/MS),顶空分析仪(HS)、薄层扫描仪(TLC)、紫外分光光度仪(UV)及固相微萃取装置(SPME)等。     

美国马里兰州涉及电击枪死亡案例分析

目的 研究美国马里兰州涉及电子武器(电击枪)死亡案件的特点,探讨其法医学鉴定要点.方法 收集2004-2009年美国马里兰州法医局鉴定的涉及电击枪死亡案件13例,案件均经详细的现场调查,尸体进行系统解剖,并进行全面的毒(药)物检测及组织病理学检验.从一般情况、电击枪类型及接触方式、毒物检测结果、死亡方式、死亡原因等方面...     

指(趾)甲在滥用药物分析中的研究现状及应用展望

在法医毒物分析中,各类生物检材都具有其特点和应用范围。本文对指(趾)甲的生物学特征、样品的采集和前处理、指甲中部分毒(药)物的分析方法作了较为详细的综述,介绍了指(趾)甲中滥用药物含量的影响因素,并针对研究中的问题,结合已有研究对其应用前景作出展望,认为指(趾)甲作为一种在体内滥用药物分析中尚未被普遍应用的非常规生物检材,在法医毒物学方面拥有潜在的可用性和优势。     

中毒的实验病理学研究

<正> 毒理学是研究化学物质对生物体的危害及其毒作用机理的学科。毒理学按它的研究目的及所研究的化学物质的特性和用途,可分为法医毒理学、食品毒理学、工业毒理学、环境毒理学、临床毒理学、军事毒理学、放射毒理学和兽医毒理学等。其中法医毒理学     

昆虫学中的“世代”一词在法医检案中的运用

利用尸体上的昆虫生活规律推断死亡时间 ,近年越来越被法医工作者及侦察人员重视 ,但由于法医昆虫学的研究还处在不完善的阶段 ,在应用中难免出现一些概念不清的问题 ,本文就昆虫世代的概念及昆虫世代运用到法医检案中存在的问题进行如下讨论 ,供同行参考。1　昆虫世代的概念昆虫的世代是指一种昆虫从卵开始经过幼虫、蛹到成虫性成熟产卵为止这整个周期称为一个世代。一年完成一个世代的昆虫称为一化性昆虫 ,一年有两个世代的称为二化性昆虫 ,一年有多个世代的称为多化性昆虫。昆虫完成一个世代各虫态所经历时间的总记载称为生活史。有的昆…     

嗜尸性昆虫证据在案发现场的分布研究

为了明确案发现场昆虫证据的分布,为法医昆虫学现场昆虫证据收集提供借鉴,我们利用猪尸体进行模拟,对现场昆虫的分布进行了调查,重点观察了大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、绯颜裸金蝇、厚环黑蝇、阎甲科、隐翅甲科、埋葬甲科和皮蠹科昆虫的活动情况。结果表明,昆虫标本主要分布于尸体上及现场约10米范围的地面和地下,据此我们提出了法医昆虫学现场取样规范。     

Entomotoxicology, experimental set-up and interpretation for forensic toxicologists

Forensic entomotoxicology studies the usefulness of insects as alternative toxicological samples. Use of insects as alternative matrix for drug detection is well documented and recommended when conventional matrices such as blood, urine or internal organs are no longer available. However, several limitations of entomotoxicology have been highlighted, especially concerning interpretation of the drug concentrations in insects on human forensic cases. In addition, the lack of knowledge in pharmacokinetic of drugs in insects, large variability of experimental set-up and toxicological analysis compromise the utility of this science. This review focuses on the current knowledge of factors influencing drug detection in insects. Reasons for the current limitations, but also recommendations for future research are discussed and proposed in this paper.     

Entomotoxicology.

Entomotoxicology is a relatively new branch of forensic entomology. The potential use of insects for detecting drugs and other toxins in decomposing tissues has been widely demonstrated. In death investigations, Diptera and other arthropods can be reliable alternate specimens for toxicological analyses in the absence of tissues and fluids normally taken for such purposes. Entomotoxicology also investigates the effects caused by drugs and toxins on arthropod development in order to assist the forensic postmortem interval estimates. However, several remarks on the limitations of entomotoxicology have been highlighted recently. In this paper, the implications for the practice of this forensic procedure are fully reviewed.     

Drug screening in clinical or forensic toxicology: are there differences?

Legal and medical practitioners need to remember that, with respect to drug analysis, there are two distinct disciplines in analytical toxicology concerned with human biological matrices, namely clinical and forensic toxicology. Both fields use similar analytical techniques designed to detect and quantify drugs, chemicals and poisons in fluids or tissues. In clinical toxicology, analytical results help to specify the appropriate treatment of a poisoned or intoxicated patient. In forensic toxicology, the results often play a vital role in determining the possible impairment or behavioural changes in an individual, or the contribution of drugs or poisons to death in a medico-legal investigation. This column provides an overview of the similarities and differences inherent in clinical and forensic toxicology.     

法医毒物动力学

本文作者针对法医毒理学的任务、发展趋势和面临的挑战，提出将法医毒物动力学列为法医毒理学新的分支学科，并阐述了法医毒物动力学的概念、研究目的和任务、研究对象、研究内容、研究方法、研究方向及亟待解决的问题。内容涉及毒物动力学、死后分布、动态分布、死后再分布、死后弥散、毒物分解动力学、毒物死后产生情况等。法医毒物动力学研究将解决中毒法医学鉴定中的许多问题，如尸体或活体中毒当时机体内毒物浓度的推断、死后腐败产生毒物与生前服毒的区别、生前服毒与死后染毒的鉴别、毒物进入机体时间、途径和方式的确定。     

The characteristic morphological changes of the internal organs in certain forms of combined poisoning

The results of forensic medical investigations of 100 corpses of the persons who died from combined intoxication with two and more poisons are presented. They were compared with clinical observations and summarized uisng the methods of tanatogenetic analysis. The main variants of fatal combined poisoning and the underlying tanatogenetic mechanisms were categorized into cardiac (disturbances of rhythm and conductivity, progressive hypotension, flabby heart muscle, extensive fragmentation of cardiomyocytes), cerebral (coma and massive death of brainstem neurons), and pulmonary (of pneumonia- or pulmonary oedema-type with fibrin precipitation in the alveoli and formation of hyaline membranes). This classification was supplemented by a variety of combinations of the above variants with necrotic nephrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. It is concluded that the results of this study may be of use for forensic medical diagnostics of combined poisoning and the elucidation of the contribution of individual toxic substances to the fatal outcome bearing in mind the low informative value of the relevant forensic medical data.     

Release of tissue paraquat into formalin solution during fixation

Formalin-fixed tissues and formalin solutions are among the most frequently found materials in pathology and forensic science laboratories. However, these materials are seldom used for the identification of poisons for forensic toxicology purposes. In this study, the possibility that paraquat may be released from formalin-fixed tissues during the fixation process was investigated. However, because of the interference of formaldehyde on the reduction of paraquat with dithionite reagent, paraquat in formalin solutions was treated with ion-pair column chromatography and then determined by measuring the derivative spectrum of reduced paraquat. The results show that the interference of formalin on paraquat determination has been eliminated by the proposed method. Furthermore, a study on the formalin solutions of fixed organs in cases with suspected paraquat intoxication revealed that portions of tissue paraquat had been released into formalin during the fixation process. Moreover, the paraquat levels in formalin increased with increased storage time. Therefore, these data suggest that the combined concentrations of paraquat in the formalin-fixed tissues and formalin solutions might reflect more reliably the total paraquat in the postmortem tissues. This investigation could be of value to the forensic toxicologist, especially in cases in which no fresh tissue samples are available for analysis.     

The forensic entomologist in the context of the forensic pathologist's role.

An adequate death investigation requires the combined efforts and cooperation of experts in different disciplines: crime scene technicians, death investigators, forensic pathologists, anthropologists, entomologists, other medical and non-medical professionals. These front-line experts play a crucial role in every death investigation process. The forensic pathologist normally has the legal authority to take charge of the dead body at a death scene and his primary functions are the exterior and interior examination of the cadaver by analyzing the extent of antemortem injuries and the postmortem changes and the recovery of physical evidence. He is responsible for determining how, when and why of any death which is the result of violence, suspicious or unexplained circumstances or a death which is sudden or unattended, defending and explaining the reasons for making these diagnoses in a courtroom. The forensic entomologist can provide invaluable aid in death cases where human remains are colonized by insects and in the overall investigation. His principal role is to identify the arthropods associated with such cases and to analyze entomological data for interpreting insect evidence. He is responsible for determining the period of insect activity according to all the variables affecting insect invasion of remains and their development. The major goal of medico-criminal entomology is to contribute to the determination of the time, cause, manner and place of the investigated death (especially on badly decomposed corpses or skeletonized human remains) with the support of all the elements which can be inferred from the study of insects found on the cadaver or nearby. The application of techniques devised recently in forensic entomology can allow experts in the field to collect strong entomological evidence and provide useful information not only in a death investigation including movement or storage of the remains following death, time of dismemberment, postmortem artifacts on the body but also at the scene, and even more in child neglect, sexual molestation and identification of suspects. As the role of the forensic entomologist at the death scene, at the autopsy and in the laboratory is defined and well known, this paper focuses on the difficulties that could arise if forensic pathologists and entomologists are uncertain about the procedures that they have to follow, do not realize the value of objective findings or fail to evaluate them. Although every forensic case presents a slightly different set of circumstances and has to be tackled individually, the forensic pathologist should work with the forensic entomologist from the visual observations of the cadaver on the scene, through the collection of arthropods and temperature data at the death scene and at the autopsy, up to the final report with the interpretation of entomological and other biological evidence.     

A preliminary survey of carrion breeding insects associated with the Eid ul Azha festival in remote Pakistan

In Pakistan, the three days of Islamic festival of Eid ul Azha (Eid) are characterized by millions of livestock sacrifices and availability of countless breeding resources for insects of forensic importance. Thus during Eid, December, 2008, in a Pakistani village observing 70 sacrifices, we examined postmortem insect attractions on various sacrificial products (from 23 animals), i.e., blood pools, meat, hides/skins, bones, offal and real time insect succession on goats' offal at five dump sites. Thirty five insect species were collected from 14 indoor and outdoor sites. Offal at the dump sites attracted most insect species both by taxa and in numbers, followed by hides in the court yards, meat (40-70 kg/animal) in kitchens and blood pools in the court yards. Synanthropic calliphorids and muscids were found to be exclusive indoor "first and only arrivals" in comparison to a diverse array of first day insect arrivals at dump sites including calliphorids, sarcophagids, muscids, sphaerocerids, sepsids, empidids, gryllids and formicids. Though burial is usually considered as a barricade between most insect species and carrion yet dump site A with an early burial but also earliest insect colonization showed the fastest rate of decomposition. No vertebrate scavenging at any of the offal dump sites perhaps showed their private feeding inclination, thus implying that in times of mass slaughters most of the dumped winter carrion products in human vicinities are either consumed by insects and/or are buried. Here we also suggest a high rate of fly dispersal during Eid which if true has consequences for forensic investigations in Muslim populace areas especially during the Eid.