南京大屠杀中的性暴力及性别分析

本文通过对南京大屠杀幸存者、目击者个人叙事等资料,将南京大屠杀期间日军对南京女性的性暴力的记忆碎片做一全景式的拼接,让人们了解那些性暴力受害者的身体和心灵曾经遭受过怎样的伤害;另一方面也试图从社会性别的视角,从更深层面分析大屠杀期间的日军性暴力实质,赋女性苦难以女性本体意义。     

防治性暴力的积极进展和对策建议

性暴力是对人权和人格尊严的侵犯,给被害者带来身心伤害与痛苦。预防和消除性暴力是国际社会的共同目标。打击和惩治性暴力刑事犯罪,禁止性骚扰,是中国人权保障重点关注的内容。中国在防治性暴力方面取得积极进展。近些年,校园性暴力、女童和留守女性被性侵、职场性骚扰等,一直是媒体和全社会持续关注的热点议题。     

美丽的“杀手”——解读女性暴力

旧时早有“打是亲,骂是爱”的流行语,不过那时掌握主动权的是男人。男人自作聪明地玩了个花招,妄图让女人在遭受体刑时,心里还傻傻地享受所谓的爱情表达方式。到了21世纪,这句话又重新纳入主流,但讲这句话的不再是那些大男人了,而是实力一派的新女性。从自古有之的挨打受骂到现在对男人的非打即骂,女人走过了一条艰巨而漫长的心理历程。今天,她们终于找到一个真理——实力显“地位”,暴力出“政权”!这固然体现了女性思想的解放,也捍卫了女性的尊严;但是,如果这种行为在某种矛盾的激化下不断演变升级,就会成为真正的女性暴力,而女性无疑就变…     

女性、战争与国家——第一次世界大战期间美国战时宣传中的女性形象

第一次世界大战期间,美国传统男权社会对女性表现出矛盾的态度,既希望女性在战时能够承担更多传统上由男性承担的工作,又对女性心怀芥蒂,担心女性过于独立,对男性造成威胁。美国在战时宣传中塑造的各种女性形象深刻地反映了男权社会的这种矛盾心态。尽管遭受种种限制和困难,但美国女性仍然通过战争中的贡献和努力,为自己争取到了更多的权利和更高的地位。     

中国内地与香港针对妇女和儿童性暴力的理论及实务研究

本文对中国内地和香港的性暴力有关情况进行了回顾研究。通过讨论社会对性暴力的认知说明了法律与社会支持机制及文化观念对受害者的报告和求助行为的影响,总结和评估了现有的干预及服务现状,进而对华人社会今后预防和制止性暴力提出了对策建议:(1)推进法制改革;(2)制定与完善反性暴力政策;(3)发展专业化和专门化的服务;(4)培训专业人员;(5)加强研究。     

伊拉克战争的启示

美英两国绕开联合国,置全球反战浪潮于不顾,终于在3月20日打响了伊拉克战争。这场战争遭到了世界所有爱好和平人士的一致反对,包括中国政府在内的大多数国家强烈呼吁停止战争,回到政治解决的正确轨道上来。 战争已经进入第五天,人们看到,伊拉克人民遭受着战火的磨难,美英士兵也付出了年轻的生命。这场战争给我们带来了更多的思考与忧虑。     

“他者”之眼——论英国女性旅行文学的主题变迁

近年来,旅行书写因其跨文学、文化、历史、地理以及人类学等的交叉属性,吸引了越来越多的研究目光。从性别的立场考察旅行文学家对异域经验的建构,具有重要的文化价值。英国女性旅行文学不仅见证了女性作家及其笔下的人物由旅行幻想到建构现实之旅的发展,同样记录了女性由在逼仄的社会空间中生存,部分参与了帝国主义话语的建构,到逐渐划清与男性暴力的界限,在当代全球化的背景下摆脱地域与文化偏见,寻求不同种族、文化与宗教信仰之间沟通与理解的可喜进程。     

论性暴力是家庭暴力的行为类型——以《反家庭暴力法(草案)》为例

将"性暴力"作为独立的家庭暴力行为类型是世界上大多数国家或地区的共识,也是不同学科的共识。现有准法律文件中承认"性暴力"是家庭暴力的行为类型,应当总结该司法实践经验,将其上升至立法的层面。"性暴力"不仅是对家庭权利束的侵犯,还是矫正绝对家庭自治的突破口,理应成为家庭暴力的行为类型。因此,在反家庭暴力立法中应明确界定身体暴力、精神暴力和性暴力,并增加一款"反对一切形式的家庭暴力",以宣示公权力对家庭暴力介入的态度。     

时代点击

政治美英对伊拉克战争打响,中国呼吁停止战争 3月20日,美英对伊拉克战争全面打响。连日来,世界各国反战浪潮一浪高过一浪。中国各界多次呼吁停止战争。3月24日国务院总理温家宝在与巴基斯坦总理贾迈利会唔时,呼吁尽快停止战争,减少伊人民遭受人道主义灾难,维护伊主权和领土完整,重新回到在联合国框架内政治解决伊问题的正确道路上来。     

社会性别视角下的暴力三角学说:解读与重构

和平学创始人之一、挪威著名学者约翰·加尔通(Johan Galtung)提出的暴力三角学说,引起女性学研究界的关注。暴力三角学说和女性主义战争与和平观有相通之处,但其学说在引入社会性别分析时存在简单、片面等缺陷。实际上,结构暴力、直接暴力和文化暴力构成互相联系和互为因果的暴力体系,而社会性别与其息息相关。社会性别是结构暴力的重要变量,是直接暴力和文化暴力的重要内容。结构暴力中各种权力关系的二元对立划分是性别化的,导致强国对弱国、富人对穷人、男人对女人的控制;体现在直接暴力中,就是国家冲突、民族冲突、阶级冲突、家庭暴力、性暴力、强迫卖淫、拐卖妇女、性骚扰、阴蒂割除、荣誉杀人;体现在文化暴力中,就是各种二元对立的性别观念和性别制度对妇女的规制和损害。     

性骚扰与强奸——走向"性别中立"

在人权的视角下,性骚扰与强奸被认定为性暴力。性骚扰作为最新出现的性暴力,由女权主义的“对妇女的性骚扰”发展而来;而当今时代的强奸,则由古代的“强奸妇女”发展而来。无论强奸还是性骚扰,其发展方向都是走向“性别中立”。这有利于妇女的发展。     

Our Brotherhood and Your Sister: Building Anti-Rape Community in the Fraternity

Research shows that male peer influence is a significant predictor of violent sexual behavior. However, men challenging sexual violence within their male peer communities may exert a counter-influence, shifting community norms and behaviors. Using the Fraternity Peer Rape Education Program as a case study, this article examines the ways that fraternity men in a peer rape education program make sense of and interact within their communities. Through coded interviews, this article examines participants' perceptions of change within themselves, within their interactions with fraternity brothers, and within their fraternities. Learning about sexual violence altered participants' worldview and created a communal sense of partnership and responsibility, while simultaneously limiting the traditional ways that fraternal communities are maintained. This experience provides lessons for how we may begin creating communities of men against sexual violence, as well as what support may be required for such messy, nonlinear change processes.     

Awareness of Sexual Violence Services Among LGBQ-Identified College Students

ABSTRACT

The sexual victimization of sexual minorities enrolled in college is not a topic that has been well researched. The present study examines the awareness that college minority students have of services they can access in the event they experience sexual violence. The results indicate that many students are unaware of specific services that they can access if they are sexually victimized. Disclosing an incident of sexual violence, or being the recipient of a disclosure of sexual violence, is related to knowledge of aftercare services. Non-White students demonstrate less awareness of services than White students, indicating that these students may not receive aftercare in the event of sexual victimization because they do not have the knowledge of which services are available. Several policy recommendations and directions for future research stem from these findings.     

Context Matters: Reactive and Proactive Bystander Action to Prevent Sexual and Dating Violence in High Schools

ABSTRACT

Given high rates of relationship violence among adolescents, there is a need to understand variables that influence adolescents’ helping behaviors to reduce risk for dating and sexual violence (reactive) and promote prevention before violence happens or risk factors are evident (proactive). The current paper examined individual and school variables related to greater actionism in a large sample of high school students. Baseline, cross-sectional data used in the current analyses were gathered before intervention as part of a prevention program evaluation across 25 high schools in New England from students in grades 9–12 (N= 3,404). Students who self-reported a greater number of proactive actions taken were students who identified as sexual minorities, had a history of victimization, and were in schools with supportive peer norms. The current findings suggest a model for prevention that might include training individuals and attending to school level variables.     

Responding to Gendered Violence Among College Students: The Impact of Participant Characteristics on Direct Bystander Intervention Behavior

ABSTRACT

Bystander intervention has been an effective strategy for crime prevention and has been successful in the context of campus sexual assault. Less is known about the extent to which individual-level factors correlate with intervention behavior in situations of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual harassment. The present study used a sample of 377 undergraduate student surveys on a campus without a bystander intervention program to examine the impact of individual-level participant factors on direct intervention across sexual assault, IPV, and sexual harassment scenarios. Findings demonstrated statistically significant differences where positive bystander attitudes and violence prevention efficacy correlated with direct intervention for sexual assault; positive bystander attitudes, personality extroversion, and exposure to a victim increased intervention behavior in an IPV scenario, and positive bystander attitudes and violence prevention efficacy increased direct intervention and lifetime experience of IPV decreased direct intervention in a sexual harassment scenario. Research and policy implications are discussed.     

Factors Related to Sexual Assault Experience Among Early Adolescents in Japan

This study examined factors related to sexual assault among early adolescents in Japan. During a 6-month period, an anonymous questionnaire survey was distributed to 1,246 students ages 13– 15 years at eight junior high schools. Consent to participation in this study was obtained from a total of 1,125 (90.3%) students. It was found that the prevalence of sexual assault was higher among both female and male students who had sent a message/photo to or met a person they initially contacted via the Internet, while the prevalence was lower among students with a conservative attitude toward sexual activity. In addition, female students who recognized the signs of dating violence had less experience of sexual assault. These findings indicate the need for increased education about the Internet and dating violence for effective prevention of sexual assault.     

Violence in school: An investigation of physical,psychological, and sexual victimization reported by Italian adolescents

In Italy, numerous studies have been carried out regarding the phenomenon of bullying; however, studies on single incidences of sexual, physical, and psychological victimization at school remain scant. Therefore the aim of this study is to examine the phenomenon of scholastic violence with a broader perspective, as well as all the possible perpetrators including adults. The sample consisted of 277 adolescents (64% female), ranging from grade 6th to 13th (mean age = 13.29, SD = 2.19). Sixty-four percent of the participants were middle school students, the remaining were high school students. Results show that the most commonly reported type of victimization is psychological violence (incidence= 77%), followed by physical (incidence= 52%), and sexual victimization (incidence= 24%). These forms of violence are mainly inflicted by peers. The research confirmed the validity of the tool and its applicability in the Italian context for screening violent behavior at school.     

中国北方部分城市人工流产妇女家庭暴力相关因素初探

作者采用结构式调查问卷方法,于2001年11月至2002年1月在天津、辽宁、河南及陕西地区对1215名自愿要求人工流产的城市妇女进行调查,分析了中国北方部分城市人工流产妇女中家庭暴力发生的相关因素。结果发现,274名调查对象在本次妊娠前或后曾遭受过亲密伴侣的家庭暴力(包括性暴力、躯体暴力和心理暴力),家庭暴力发生率为22.6%。家庭暴力的发生与年龄、教育程度、职业、经济收入均无关联。家庭暴力并非只发生于特定的人群,而是一个普遍存在的社会问题,人流妇女有与暴力有关的生活经历以及与男方关系不良,易增加暴力发生的风险。