How Chinese enterprises live in freedom,competition under the rule of law —on the current changes of Corporate Law and Competition Law in China1

China has thoroughly amended its corporate law and hastens to formulate an anti-monopoly law. To rebound then deny the planned economy once adopted, China firmly practices marketization reform. However, common-recognized rules haven t taken shape without sufficient gaming and, lots of quick introduced legislations are only superficial provisions. As the trend of corporate legal system in developed countries, freedom and responsibility are the two contraries but not contradictory directions during the recent reform of China s corporate law. One is deregulation, e.g., introducing one-person company and the transition from approval system to registration system for the establishment of a company; while the other is adding various provisions of responsibility and liability to the Company Law for controlling shareholders, actual controllers, directors, supervisors and top managers. The Anti-Unfair Competition Law of China not only prescribes unfair competition but also counters monopoly. In general, it mainly focuses on anti-monopoly provisions, to popularize the concept and value of free market, making systematic regulations on any kinds of monopoly. This article reviews its background, process, meaning as well as the problems encountered. As there remains somewhat a mystery that China rapidly develops, it may also reflect a fringe of the reason.     

《中华人民共和国反垄断法》析评

The Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China has provided to prohibit monopoly agreements and abuse of dominant market position, control concentration of business operators and fight against administrative monopoly. The transformation of China’s economic system is incomplete, and the Anti-Monopoly Law has many flaws. At the initial stage of enforcing the Anti-Monopoly Law, severe challenges will occur in legislative purposes, enforcement authorities, fighting against administrative monopoly and handling of the relationship between anti-monopoly enforcement and industry supervision. Thus, the promulgation of the Anti-Monopoly Law is only the first step in the legislation on anti-monopoly. Wang Xiaoye held a bachelor’s degree of philosophy from Inner Mongolian Normal University (1981), LL.M. from Renmin University of China (1984) and Doctor Juris magna cum laude from the University Hamburg (1993). Since 1984, she works at the Institute of Law, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). From 1988 to 1993, she studied in Germany based on Max-Planck Institute for Comparative Private Law. As visiting scholar she spent a year at Max-Planck Institute for Comparative Intellectual Property and Competition Law, and a year at Max-Planck Institute for Comparative Social Law in Munich. In 2004, she was invited to the US by the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice. In 2005, she was invited to the European Union Visitors Program, and awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to spend a year at the Chicago-Kent College of Law. Prof. Wang works in the areas of economic law, international economic law, and focuses on competition law. Her publications include: Monopoly and Competition in the Chinese Economy — A conception for merger control in China in view of the American and German practices (J C B Mohr, 1993); Monopoly Problem in the Merger of Enterprises (Law Press, 1996); On Competition Law (China’s Legal Publishing House, 1999); Competition Law of European Community (China’s Legal Publishing House, 2001); Economic Law (Social Sciences Academic Press, 2005); Competition Law (Social Sciences Academic Press, 2007). She also has over 200 papers published in Chinese, German and English languages. Prof. Wang has served as vice president of National Association for Economic Law of China, the head of the Consultant Committee for WTO Trade and Competition Policy of the Ministry of Commerce, and member of the Expert Advisory Board for Anti-Monopoly Legislation of the State Council and the National People’s Congress. In her honor, she once lectured on competition law for the Standing Committee of the Ninth and Tenth People’s Congress. In international academic activities, she is a founding member of Academic Society for Competition Law (ASCOLA) and of the Asian Competition Forum, and member of International Advisory Board of the CUTS C-CIER. She lectured on Chinese law at ABA, IBA, IPBA, ACF, Harvard University, Columbia University, Washington University (St. Louis), New York University, KFTC, Chatham House, LIDC, IDRC and other institutions.     

"行政垄断"纳入我国《反垄断法》的必要性

行政垄断是我国目前主要的垄断形式,行政垄断严重地影响了市场主体的自由竞争,破坏了统一市场的形成,阻碍了我国完善的市场经济体制的建立.我国应依法制止行政垄断,在我国将来的反垄断法中规制行政垄断行为本身就是我国进行的一个重要的体制改革举措.     

入世与中国反垄断法的制定

入世后 ,中国政府越来越注重竞争政策和竞争法问题 ,以应对越来越激烈的国内市场竞争和国际市场竞争。中国现行反垄断法规范尚未形成一个系统和完整的反垄断体系 ,对滥用行政权力限制竞争的行为制裁不力 ,缺乏独立的和权威的反垄断执法机关。 2 0 0 2年 2月的反垄断法草案在滥用市场支配地位、企业合并、行政垄断和反垄断执法机关和程序的规定方面存在缺陷。虽然中国制定反垄断法存在压力 ,但是制定反垄断法有利于提高中国企业的竞争力 ,遏制跨国公司的垄断势力和改善国家的财政和宏观调控。     

经济分析如何融入法律过程:欧盟竞争法改革的得失及启示

经济分析是认定垄断行为违法性的主要工具。我国在反垄断法律制度建构过程中,自始十分重视经济分析方法和经济证据的使用,但是,如何将经济分析有机融入规范分析的法律过程,始终是个难题。20世纪90年代以来,欧盟竞争法经历了“基于效果的分析方法”的现代化改革,实现了核心价值目标的转换,构建了较为完备的经济分析规则体系,同时也面临...     

中小企业促进与反垄断法

促进中小企业的发展从根本上在于依靠反垄断法建立有利于中小企业参与竞争的良好的竞争机制。从西方国家反垄断法的情况来看 ,其对企业合并的控制、对滥用市场支配地位行为的禁止、对限制竞争协议的规制以及其他一些反垄断法规范无一不对中小企业的发展起着直接或间接的作用。我国目前对促进中小企业发展的措施在认识上存在偏差 ,应当以反垄断法为重点 ,并尽早出台有利于中小企业发展的《反垄断法》。     

试析我国《反垄断法》规制垄断协议的立法模式——以第13条和第14条中的兜底条款为考察对象

各国反垄断立法对于规制垄断协议普遍采用一般条款的立法模式,这对执法机关、司法机关还是经营者而言,均具有积极意义。我国《反垄断法》并未采用概括禁止功能的一般条款,而是在列举典型垄断协议的基础上,将其他垄断协议的认定权交由国务院反垄断执法机构。在对《反垄断法》与"征求意见稿"、"一审稿"和"二审稿"进行比较的基础上,运用竞争自由与经济效率、行政执法与司法审查、干预幅度与干预负担这三对范畴进行分析,可找到我国不真正兜底条款的产生原因。     

反行政垄断初探

在我国行政垄断的危害性甚于经济垄断。行政垄断的负效应严重阻碍着社会主义市场经济的发展和完善,直接影响着我国作为WTO成员方义务的履行效果。对当前我国经济生活中行政垄断的现状、成因、危害和规制问题进行了初步的分析和探讨。对如何制定反垄断法,以有效规制行政垄断等问题提出了看法。     

Development of the Nationality Law of China

With the deepening of globalization, many provisions in the Nationality Law of China promulgated in 1980 are already out of time and some provisions are easy to trigger dual nationalities. Consequently, while sticking to the basic principle of the Nationality Law, certain provisions of the Nationality Law of China should be gradually improved according to the present situation of international and domestic development, and the implementing guidelines for the Nationality Law should be introduced to construct a relatively complete legal system to adjust and regulate various relationships of nationality. Song Xixiang, majoring in international law, Hong Kong and Macao law, is a professor of law and the dean of Law School of Shanghai International Studies University. Now, he is also a doctoral candidate of Wuhan University. Meanwhile, Prof. Song is an executive director of the China Society of Private International Law and of the China Society of International Law and of the China Society of International Economical Law, etc. Moreover, he is a vice chairman of Hong Kong and Macao and Taiwan Law Association.     

论公司社会责任的司法实践——从公益诉讼角度谈我国公司社会责任司法实践的完善

公司社会责任是公司在追求利润最大化的同时对社会应尽的责任。我国公司社会责任的实体法规定相对完善,而在诉讼法领域却一直缺少与实体规定相对应的救济程序,导致公司违反社会责任,对社会公共利益构成危害时没有合适的诉讼程序对其进行追究,因此,构建公益诉讼程序应是完善我国公司社会责任司法实践的重要步骤。依据我国具体国情,应从立法和实务操作上分别着手,改革我国的诉讼结构,构建公益诉讼制度,以期增加公司社会责任的可诉性,把公司社会责任真正落实到司法实践中。     

论中国公司法的供给侧结构性改革——兼论中国公司法的“服务型”转向

无论是从公司合同主义的理论解说路径出发,还是从优化营商环境改革的实践背景切入,甚或是从商主体治理的制度诉求出发,公司法的基本定位都应当是"服务型"的。以"服务品质"为标准重新检视中国公司法,我们会发现其至少存在"知识源"供给不均衡、公司合同范本"老化"以及过于依赖后置型公司合同"漏洞"填补机制三个层面的问题。这意味着中国公司法需要进行一场深入的供给侧结构性改革。通过引入与更新立法"知识源"、缺省性规范增量扩容、公司法规范的清单式指引设计、程序性规则体系化完善,以及构建创新导向型公司法基础规则、以信息信用为核心统筹公司信用监管体系、打造有助于投资而非投机的公司金融规则等举措,提升中国公司法在私人治理和国家战略两个维度上的服务品质。     

高管薪酬规范与法律的有限干预

The determination of corporate executive compensation is a kind of affiliated transactions including special conflicts of interest in the company. The regulation of executive compensation by law is extremely necessary but plays a limited role, and the scope and mode of such role are specific. The due process and information disclosure system in determining executive compensation prescribed in company law and securities law, the policy guidance of the tax legal regime, and the active and prudential judicial review are the three aspects of the regulation of executive compensation by law, the common goal of which is to ensure and enhance the correlation between executive compensation and corporate performance, i.e., the realization of the principle of “performance-based compensation.” Li Jianwei, Ph. D, is an associate professor of law at China University of Political Science and Law, and a visiting scholar at Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Australia. His major research is in corporate law, corporate governance and corporate management system, and his major works include: Corporate Law (RUC Press, 2008), Legal Regulation on Affiliated Transaction (Law Press, 2007), The Role of Law in Corporate Management (People’s Court Press, 2005), A Research on Independent Director System (RUC Press, 2004), A Research on the State-owned Exclusive Company (Law Press, 2002). Moreover, he has more than 30 articles released in core academic journals.     

浅议我国反垄断执法机构的设置

根据世界各国的通行做法,设置专门的反垄断执法机构,可以保障反垄断法的严格有效实施。我国应当借鉴这一做法,建立一个独立、专业、权威的反垄断执法机构,并依法赋予反垄断执法机构以准司法权,以保障反垄断法的有效实施。我国反垄断法(最新送审稿)对反垄断执法机构也予以了明确规定,但这些规定值得进一步研究。     

行政垄断与反垄断立法研究

新世纪的我国反垄断法 ,既要反对经济垄断 ,也要反对行政垄断 ;既要反对国内垄断 ,也要反对国际垄断。由于行政垄断仍然是阻碍我国市场经济发展的主要障碍 ,所以我国反垄断法的首要任务 ,就是要为有效制止行政垄断 ,构建一整套便于操作落实的新制度和新机制     

论行政垄断之反垄断法律责任

建立以反垄断执法机构为责任追究主体，以行政主体、受保护企业、直接责任人为责任承担主体，以民事、行政、刑事责任综合运用为责任形式的反垄断法律责任体系．是行政垄断规制的重要保障，具体行政垄断行为形成反垄断法律责任与行政法律责任竞合．应择处罚较重的前者适用；抽象行政行为面临反垄断法律责任与违宪责任竞舍，在我国应合并适用．     

我国反垄断执法机构设立的困境与出路

我国反垄断法承担着反经济垄断与反行政垄断的双重重任,要使反垄断法发挥实效,必须设置一个权威、独立、专门的反垄断执法机构。目前在我国设置这样一个机构会遇到很多困难,其建议过于理想化。为了确保反垄断法能够得到贯彻和实施,我们可以在权力制衡思想下,采取多机构并存的体制。在多机构并存的情况下,商务部是可以作为一个执法机构来实施反垄断法的。     

Review on the inefficiency and disorganization of judicial power

The reform of civil procedure has been taken as an important topic by both scholars and judges in the recent twenty years. Cases and judges’ practices offer materials and opportunities for scholars to carry out researches, which help judges find the direction of the reform on civil procedures. However, it is not advisable to reconstruct the absolute adversary system and pure due process in China to reduce the great power of the court. Therefore, it is essential to review on the basic theory of civil procedure and overcome the inefficiency and disorganization of the judicial power by regulating judges’ power and independence as well as their responsibilities. Xiao Jianhua, professor and doctoral tutor of China University of Politics and Law. He got a master degree in Southwest University of Politics and Law in 1995 and a doctor degree in China University of Politics and Law in 1998. He had been a Fulbright Visiting Scholar studying at Law School of Northwestern (USA) in 2003–2004. His research field covers civil procedural law and evidence law. His six books on civil procedural law and evidence law are published in China, his another book on bankruptcy will be published in England. Now his research is focused on comparative law.     

论公司法与民法典的良性互动关系

《公司法》与《民法典》无缝对接、有机衔接、同频共振、相辅相成《民法典》中的基本原则普适于公司法律关系,诸项具体制度也可补充适用。《公司法》对特定事项有规定、而《民法典》无规定时,应适用《公司法》。两法对特定事项均有规定、但相抵触时,应优先适用《公司法》。两法对法人制度的规定详略不同、但不相抵触时,应优先适用《公司法》。两法在很多公司法案件中可兼容并用,协同共治,互不排斥。平等、自愿、公平、诚信、公序良俗、绿色、关怀弱势群体和禁止权利滥用共同构成民法八项基本原则。而公司法有其独特原则,如等价有偿、尊重与保障公司的生存权与发展权、慎重解散公司、坚持商业模式的包容性、促进公司的三重营利性、弘扬股权文化、鼓励公司社会责任和构建新型亲清政商关系原则。要尊重《公司法》的特别法地位,必须切实扭转司法实践中的“轻公司法化”现象。修改《公司法》和解释《民法典》应着眼于消除规范冲突,预防制度真空,铸造制度合力。     

法人与公司制度融合风险的法律控制——兼论实现国家公司公益性的法人制度支持

现代民法上的法人制度包含了为公司制度发展量身定做的"完人化"标准。公司制度借与法人制度融合获得了广义财产与基本权利,扭转了公司在传统社会组织身份格局中的不利地位,形成了对其他企业类型的制度竞争优势,但也带来巨大风险:公司异化为新身份格局中的"公司帝国"。法人制度在我国具有主要服务国有企业改革的功能狭隘性,加之官商传统潜移默化,产生了更为复杂的"官商公司帝国",妨碍了国有企业实现公共利益。针对性地而言,应祛除法人制度的极端功利主义成分,重建国有企业承载公共利益的法人制度支持。     

从现代公司治理理念看新公司法的修改

公司治理是企业公司化进程中由于资本所有人的财产权与企业经营管理权的分离而产生的权力分配与制衡问题.改革开放后,我国致力于企业公司化改革,相关立法也确立了公司治理模式.但受诸多因素的影响,我国原有公司法仅规定了公司的治理结构和简单规则,却未能确立一套完整和科学的公司治理机制.新公司法针对我国公司实践中出现的问题,吸纳了国内理论研究新成果和国外成功的立法经验,在很多方面体现了现代公司治理理念.但从建立一套完整和科学的公司治理机制的角度上看,仍有待进一步完善.