刑事补偿制度构想

这里所说的刑事补偿法律制度,是指由于执法人员在工作中的种种失误,造成错误拘捕、错误裁判,从而给无辜公民带来物质损失,该公民有权要求补偿的一种法律制度。建立这种法律制度,对保障公民的人身权利、民主权利和经济上的合法权益,对加强我国社会主义的法制观念,提高司法机关在人民群众中的威信,以及增强办案人员的工作责任心等,无疑是有     

环境保护公众参与制度研究

公众参与制度是环境保护的重要制度之一,是法律赋予公民的权利,对弥补国家在环境保护工作中的不足,实现可持续发展目标具有重要的意义,本文从环境保护公众参与制度的理论基础出发,借鉴国外环境保护公众参与的立法特点,从公众参与的现状及存在的问题出发,对健全我国环境保护公众参与制度提出了建议。     

浅析环境保护公众参与制度

环境保护公众参与是法律赋予公民的权利,是社会文明进步的体现,是促进环境保护工作的有效手段。随着环境法的不断完善及公众环境意识的不断提高,环境保护公众参与必将成为我国重要的环境法律制度。本文阐述了环境保护公众参与制度的内涵,借鉴国外环境保护公众参与的经验,分析了我国环境保护公众参与的现状及存在的问题,提出了健全我国环境保护公众参与的建议。     

俄罗斯行政检察制度研究

当代俄罗斯行政检察制度由法律执行情况检察监督、行政违法行为检察监督、行政诉讼检察监督三部分构成。俄罗斯行政检察的理论以检察监督的基本理论为基础,结合三部分子内容的专门理论构建而成。法律执行情况检察监督分为法律执行检察监督以及遵守人和公民的权利与自由检察监督两部分。在行政违法行为检察监督中,检察机关对公务人员的行政违法行为以及行政违法案件的提起、审理和裁决实行监督。在行政诉讼检察监督方面,检察机关有权提起行政诉讼,在诉讼过程中提交结论以及对各审级法院的裁决提出抗诉。我国行政检察应将规范性法律文件纳入行政检察监督范围,增加行政检察的监督手段,加强检察机关对公民个人权利的保护。     

略论美国的环境诉讼权

美国的《国家环境政策法》是一部以环境影响说明书制度为核心的环境基本法律。环境影响说明书制度在其执行过程中无不与政府职能部门发生关系,因此在美国的环境纠纷案中,与政府部门有争议的占多数。这样的纠纷大致上分为两类:一是政府有关部门在贯彻某项环境保护法规时有失职等错误行为;二是这些部门在执行其他法规时,不当地对环境造成某种不良影响或带来某种威胁。当公民或公民团体针对这些违法行为及其后果寻求司法帮助时,遇到的第一个问题就是环境诉讼权问题。环境诉讼权即指将环境纠纷提交司法解决所应     

改革检察制度 加强法律监督职能

检察机关的法律监督职能是指检察机关由国家权力机关授权,并有国家强制力作保证,对一切国家机关、社会组织、事业单位、人民团体及公民个人的行为是否合法进行广泛监督,以维护国家法律法令统一、正确实施的活动。检察机关的法律监督活动对保卫人民民主专政制度,保障社会主义经济的发展,保护公民的合法权益,保证社会主义法律的正确贯彻和执行及得到遵守,维护国家法制的统一,具有十分重要的意义。我们认为,为了充分发挥检察机关的职能作用,有必要在政治体制改革过程中完善检察制度,加强检察机关的法律监督职能。当前,主要应当考虑解决以下几个方面的问题:     

环境公益诉讼的限制性因素考察——以美国联邦环境法的公民诉讼为主线

公民诉讼的限制是美国联邦环境法上的公民诉讼制度的一项重要内容,其深刻地反应了公民诉讼的目的、本质及功用等重要问题.其内容包括:公民诉讼必须依据联邦环境法律中的公民诉讼条款依法提起;起诉前的通知程序和行政机构勤勉地执行法律可以阻止公民诉讼的提起.公民诉讼的限制的立法规定以及联邦法院错综复杂的司法实践表明,公民诉讼本质上是一种私人实施环境法律的机制,其作用是行政机构实施环境法律的一种补充.     

法之难行之源——法律至上信仰之缺位

法的运行离不开法的信仰，“法律至上”之缺位体现在我国立法、司法、执法及执行等各环节，我国虽然大量引进西方的先进制度并迎来了一个繁荣的立法时代——新的法律、法规、规章层出不穷，但法律仍难以很好地实行，法之难行已成为我国法治建设的巨大障碍。我们不应该只注重在形式上法制的完善，更要加强公民法律意识的培养。     

论我国环境保护团体诉讼的建构——以德国环境保护团体诉讼制度为参考

环境保护团体诉讼是当今环境保护公益诉讼的重要形式,是公众参与环境行政管理、保护公共与公民个人环境利益的有效手段,也是完善环境实体法律调整效果的关键措施。因此,许多国家均非常重视环境保护团体诉讼的理论研究和制度建设。近年来,德国在实施欧盟环境保护指令的进程中,将团体诉讼从自然保护法领域扩大到环境保护法领域。     

论公民财产性收入的法律确认与保护

创造条件让更多群众拥有财产性收入,加强对公民财产性收入的保护,应当从法律制度层面为公民财产性收入创造良好的法治环境,并通过行政及司法保障制度的完善,加强对公民财产性收入的全面、系统、有效保护。     

Recent New Zealand efforts to combat environmental crime

Conclusion The question is what legal tools are the most effective to deal with significant and continued attacks on finite environmental resources. Is there a risk that environmental statutes and monetary sanctions imposed thereunder will be seen merely as tiresome regulations carrying nominal penalties, the payment of which is no more than a legitimate cost of doing business? Will the fact that such statutes include, as an ultimate sanction, imprisonment alter this perception? Will resort to prosecution under the traditional criminal law of fraud on the public provide a substantial disincentive to environmental offending, where corporate officers can anticipate a criminal conviction and the loss of liberty in the event of detection?If the statement of the Court of Appeal in Walters is a guide, then the trend in New Zealand is likely to be imprisonment of offenders convicted of environmental crimes. Prosecutions under the Crimes Act will brand transgressors as criminals, and not as risk-taking entrepreneurs. The tools are available--which will the community use, a traditional criminal prosecution of environmental criminals, or prosecution under specific environmental statutes?This note is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the eighth international conference of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, Hong Kong, December 4–8, 1994.LL.B., Victoria University of Wellington 1971.     

Innovations in Constructing the Framework of China's Environmental Code —Referencing the Framework of China's Civil Code

The success in compiling China's Civil Code benefits from factors such as China's complete system of civil law statutes, the methodology of the Pandekten System, and the private-law attributes of civil laws, etc. To construct the framework of China's environmental code, it is necessary to reference that success for theoretical and structural innovations. In addition, the fundamental features and inherent issues of China's existing environmental law system, such as its breadth, the extensiveness of origins of environmental law, the multiple implication of environmental legal relations, and the compound nature of the environmental legal liability system, should be taken into account. The layout structure of General—Specifics should be adopted for compiling China's environmental code, while moderate codification and extraction of the common factor (vor die Klammer zu ziehen) for connection with applicable rules of specific laws should serve as construction principles and methods for compiling the framework of China's environmental code. The environmental code should have five parts: General ; Pollution Prevention and Control ; Nature Conservation ; Green and Low-Carbon Development ; and Ecological and Environmental Responsibility.     

Shining Some Light Back on the Dark Ages: New York State's Early Environmental Law and Its Implications for Today's Environmental Insurance Coverage Disputes

While many environmental practitioners consider the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in the 1970s and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act in the 1980s as the dawn of modern environmental law, New York State has a robust body of antipollution law that predates those federal statutes by decades. By the turn of the twentieth century, New York State statutes, embracing well-established common law principles, contained limitations on the disposal of harmful industrial waste into the waters of the state. The New York State Public Health Law required permits for certain discharges of industrial waste, and the common law provided injunctions and monetary damages for those injured by environmental pollution. This body of law should not be overlooked during coverage disputes over historical environmental contamination because it documents an awareness by the state legislature of the impact of pollution on both surface and groundwaters of the state, and because it demonstrates that harmful unpermitted discharges were prohibited by law since the beginning of the twentieth century.     

从美国的环境执法看非强制行政

在环境执法领域,美国行政机关充分运用市场机制等经济协调手段、金融手段以及行政奖励诱导和鼓励投资者遵守环境法规,并通过信息公开加强执法者与管理者的交流、沟通,促进、鼓励公众参与环境立法和执法,这种非强制行政执法模式取得了良好成效。美国的非强制行政理论与模式对于我国建立以人为本的行政执法机制、促进法律运行的现代化有重要借鉴意义。     

完善政府环境责任的若干思考

政府环境责任不完善是环境立法存在的根本问题。完善政府环境责任的根本之举是落实环境民主,重点是公众参与环境立法;完善政府环境责任需要环境理念的改变,从管理走向治理,实现环境善治;完善政府环境责任还需要改革现行的环境立法体制,由行政主导变为立法主导。     

Employing the Mental Health System to Control Sex Offenders After Penal Incarceration*

In the 1930s, several states provided civil commitment in mental institutions for certain sex offenders. Civil commitment of these sex offenders abated after most states repealed their statutes in the 1960s. In the 1980s, however, these statutes returned, as outraged citizens deplored the offenses of repeated sex offenders. The author of this essay examines civil commitment statutes for sex offenders in Washington and Minnesota, two of the leading states in this area, as well as recent rulings from each state's Supreme Court upholding the constitutionality of these statutes. Particularly, the author focuses on the psychiatric or mental health discussions by the justices in the majority in both state rulings. Furthermore, the author criticizes the legislatively defined mental abnormality statutes that sanction these commitments, proposes use of the ordinary civil commitment statutes for individuals who are seriously mentally ill, and concludes that sex offenders who do not meet the criteria for traditional civil commitment should be handled by the criminal justice system.     

Bonnieview v. Woodmont: Court Sorts out Environmental Liability between Homeowners and Developers

Bonnieview Homeowners Ass’n v. Woodmont Builders, LLC,—F. Supp. 2d—, No. Civ. A. 03CV4317(DRD), 2009 WL 2999355 (D.N.J. Sept. 22, 2009), was a suit brought by a homeowners’ association and its individual members against the developers of the property where their homes were located and the municipality. In a recent opinion, the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey made several important rulings applying federal and state environmental statutes and common law. First, the developers were potentially liable to plaintiffs under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), where their soil grading and stockpiling activities distributed previously contaminated soil around the site, which had been used as a fruit orchard. Second, however, the court prohibited plaintiffs from recovering under CERCLA or New Jersey's Spill Compensation and Control Act (Spill Act) because they had not incurred any environmental cleanup costs compensable under the two statutes. Third, plaintiffs were innocent purchasers not subject to CERCLA liability under a 2002 amendment to the statute. A negligence claim against the municipality failed, however, because the municipality owed no duty of care to plaintiffs. The court also assessed plaintiffs' other federal and state statutory and common law claims.     

论环境政策与环境法律的环境保护合力作用

我国的环境保护工作起步于环境政策,在建设法治国家进程中环境政策与环境法律的并存是客观实际的需要。环境政策和环境法律是我国保护环境的两种有效手段,二者有着共同的利益基础,二者并不矛盾,应当协调配合,共同发挥环境保护的合力作用。本文分析了环境政策与环境法律协调发展的理论基础,提出在现阶段环境政策和环境法律应当并存,进而提出正确处理环境政策与环境法律的协调配合关系。     

Lessons Learned from Legacy Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Perfluoroalkyl Compounds (PFCs) in the Village of Hoosick Falls,Rensselaer County,New York

Legacy contaminants, those predating modern environmental statutes, are exemplified by arsenic, lead, chlorinated dioxins, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), PFCs, and radioactive fallout. Some pose risks recognized for decades. Concern about others is emerging. Until recently, routine monitoring of PFCs was infeasible, and their public health significance in the parts-per-trillion range unrecognized. Properties of emerging contaminants are exemplified by PFOA, PFOS, and other PFCs in the Village of Hoosick Falls, Rensselaer County, New York. Lessons learned should be embodied in laws, regulations, and enforcement to assure that we leave to our descendants a more positive environmental legacy than that left to us.