论占有制度的诉权价值——兼谈占有诉讼制度在我国的构建

占有制度是物权法中的一项非常重要的制度,是继所有权、用益物权、担保物权之后的又一可以得到物权法保护的事实状态,物权法对它的保护主要体现在第245条,权利人可以依据这一条的规定提起返还占有物的请求、排除妨害的请求和消除危险的请求,有人也称,这是实体法规定的占有之诉,可见占有制度是具有诉权价值的。同时,占有之诉不能只停留在实体法层面,要贯彻占有制度的诉权价值,必须构建我国的占有诉讼,从程序法的角度保障占有诉权的实现。     

论占有权利推定对不动产上占有的适用--评《中国物权法草案建议稿》第419条

<中国物权法草案建议稿>(以下简称<建议稿>)①规定应当办理登记的财产权利上不适用占有权利推定.而从占有制度之价值在现代社会对物的事实支配秩序之维护看,此种规定是不合适的,不利于此价值的实现.从登记权利人、占有人利益及社会公共利益衡量,从不动产上权利推定与登记效力的关系,以及比较法的有关规定分析,均不支持<建议稿>的规定.应修改<建议稿>的规定,使占有权利推定适用于一切财产权利.     

论继承回复请求权的性质

继承回复请求权源自于罗马法中的继承诉，而继承诉属于对物之诉。源于继承诉（权）的继承回复请求权非常类似于物上请求权，而作为确保物权人对物圆满支配状态作用的物上请求权，与物权共命运，只要物权存在，它就不断产生，因而物上请求权不应适用于消灭时效，它应与产生其之物权一起为取得时效的客体。既然如此，继承回复请求权亦不应受消灭时效的限制。在完善我国继承法时宜借鉴意大利、葡萄牙和我国澳门地区民法之立法例，规定确认继承人身份的诉讼不因时效而消灭，但不影响有关取得时效的规则对每一占有物的适用。     

所有权返还请求权制度——以德国法为视角对《物权法》之反思

2007年《物权法》遗留了相当多的制度缺失和制度缺陷问题,例如所有权概念、所有权返还请求权制度建设问题。从所有权的概念入手,论述所有权中最重要的一项权能,即占有及以该项权能为对象的所有权返还请求权,指出我国的物权法应对所有权返还请求权进行明确规范。同时对于与所有权密切联系的另一个制度,即占有应进行进一步的规范。通过对所有权返还请求权的论述,得出结论,占有制度中的间接占有制度的引入对于保障所有权返还请求权必不可少。     

论第三人撤销之诉的法理基础

面对着虚假诉讼侵蚀司法公信力的猖獗形势,全国人大常委会在2012年《民事诉讼法》中仓促确立第三人撤销之诉制度,但程序规则的粗糙与多头救济的混乱局面导致第三人撤销之诉的适用面临着极大困难。确定裁判效力的绝对化趋势与第三人参加诉讼路径的壅塞使得作为事后非常救济途径的第三人撤销之诉的适用范围受到严格限制而难以实现立法预期目标。从实体法层面寻求受诉讼诈害人的"独立请求权"而将其作为第56条第1款规定的第三人并赋予其参加诉讼之机会当属解释论者所能努力之方向,也是从程序法层面厘清各种事后救济的关系、细化第三人撤销之诉的程序规则并逐步拓展其制度功能的关键所在。     

论占有损害赔偿的请求权基础与范围

在占有损害赔偿问题中,最具实践意义的是请求权基础和赔偿范围二者。由于占有损害赔偿请求权属于侵权损害赔偿请求权,因此其请求权基础除《物权法》第245条第1款后段以外,还包括《侵权责任法》第2条等相关规定。只有这些规范结合适用,占有损害赔偿问题才能得到合理解决。所谓占有损害,就是占有利益的损害,包括占有物使用利益的损害、收益利益的损害以及处分利益的损害三种形态。因为只有正当的占有利益受到损害才可以请求赔偿,所以只有有权占有的损害才是可获赔偿的损害。     

占有保护请求权若干问题探讨

占有保护请求权的价值功能在于保护社会平和稳定的秩序 ,提高对权利保护的效率。占有保护请求权与物权请求权在行使方法、性质、功能等方面存在较大差异 ,在逻辑定位上是与物权请求权、债权请求权相并立的一种请求权。占有保护请求权对于保护农地使用人的合法权益 ,意义尤为重要。     

我国民法上的占有保护——基于人民法院占有保护案例的实证分析

我国物权法采广义的占有保护立法模式,注重法律规范的完整性和实用性,赋予占有人从物权到债权四种不同的占有保护请求权。占有保护与本权保护兼容互补、互不排斥且无法相互替代,构成财产归属秩序从事实到权利的双重保护格局。当事人选择行使一种保护方法败诉以后,仍然可以要求他种方法的保护。占有是事实而非权利,无论是有权占有还是无权占有,甚或是权属不明或者权属有争议之占有,均可享受占有之诉的保护。占有保护的一个首要前提是对物之占有或者曾经占有受到侵害或有受侵害之虞,否则占有保护无法成立。对于侵害占有的损害赔偿请求,当事人得以本权直接抗辩,而对于占有之诉,当事人不得以本权直接抗辩。间接占有、共同占有以及占有辅助已为现行立法、有关司法解释和司法实践所接受,在民事生活中广泛存在,其占有保护应区别具体情形分别处理。     

刑事对物之诉的初步研究

在被告人逃匿或死亡案件中确立违法所得没收制度,标志着一种刑事对物之诉机制在我国得到确立。而在被告人到场案件中引入对物之诉机制,不仅可以有效地限制法院在涉案财物追缴方面的自由裁量权,为被告人、被害人及其他利害关系人参与诉讼活动创造条件,而且符合审判中心主义改革的理念,可以提高司法裁判的公信力。要构建刑事对物之诉机制,就要调整对物之诉与对人之诉的关系,确定对物之诉的程序模式。与此同时,在引入一种"有独立请求权的第三人"理论的基础上,需要对被害人参与对物之诉的方式作出恰当的制度设计,对其他利害关系人的诉讼地位给予适当的安排。在刑事诉讼中引入对物之诉机制,将使涉案财物追缴成为独立的诉讼标的,促成司法裁判形态的多元化,并使得涉案财物追缴程序被纳入诉讼化的轨道。     

论间接占有制度与物权法

物权法已经出台,值得肯定的是许多制度得到了完善,但毋庸置疑,物权法在很多方面仍存在缺陷.我国物权法在第五编规定了占有制度,但并没有间接占有的相关规定,不能说不是一种缺憾.本文从理论和实证方面加以论述,以此来说明间接占有制度存在的必要性.     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.