“人工智能换人”技术取代叙事的历史唯物主义审视

在人工智能与人类智能双向赋能中,人工智能表现出极其强大的能力,不仅使人类既有使能技术智能化,而且提出了人工智能取代人的存在论问题。从人机对立或技术悲观主义者的立场来看,人工智能取代人意味着人工智能时代是一个新异化的时代,是一个物体系绝对胜利的时代,也是一个人类智能或将退位的时代。但是从历史唯物主义观点来看,人工智能是人基于对智能的理解、对物质的调动、对规律的认知和对系统的设计所创造出来的物体系,其延续了自动化时代取代技术对人活动领域性排除,也展开了人类技术发展史亘古常新的存在论焦虑。因此,面对人工智能时代全新的技术取代叙事,只有深入其缘起,才能正视存在论排除的焦虑;只有把握技术运行的社会原则,才能避免技术取代的泛滥;只有探索人机共存的存在逻辑,才有可能真正认知智能的本质并获得自由的可能。     

智能机器人的伦理困境

智能机器人在给人类生活带来日新月异变化的同时,给人类带来新的伦理挑战。智能机器人智能性的提高,促使人类在与其互动中更深刻地思考人的本质。智能机器人替代部分人类社会角色从事繁重危险的工作,解放劳动力的同时也引发人们对智能机器人的警惕和担忧。脑-机接口、人机交互技术使人机关系从对立走向融合。智能机器人与人在技术实践中构成共同的道德行动者,但目前,智能机器人仍然是弱人工智能,无法独立承担道德责任,不能成为和人类同等地位的道德主体,破解智能机器人的伦理困境,需要建立人-机责任共同体。     

智能在场与主体之困：人工智能时代人的主体性危机与破局

人工智能已然成为21世纪最具创新性和爆发力的技术手段。它对人类社会造成的强烈冲击,非简化问题本质的“价值中立说”所能够涵摄和覆盖。人工智能营造的便捷生活表象遮蔽了人作为主体被技术裹挟的事实和难以“逃逸”的困境。“存在的非存在”是人工智能时代人类主体性存在的二元悖反,作为行动元的人类现实地存在于人工智能“座架”的经验世界,但却成为“不被需要”的“非存在者”。人工智能的历史性在场与技术化运作愈益显示出超越人类智能的力量,不断僭越人的主体地位代替人选择、判断、思考和行动,人工智能的高度自主性使人的自主性被遮蔽,其对生产生活的全面操控阻碍了人的创造性和能动性的发挥,加剧了人被智能技术宰制而失去自由和反思批判精神的主体性危机。数智化背景下,应通过批判审思人工智能技术范式,适时采取自觉的“中辍”行为,以人之理性矫正技术的任性,引导智能技术为人的自由解放与全面发展服务,清除智能拜物教意识形态迷思,营造人机和谐共生、良性互动的生态系统,从而推动加快智能社会建设步伐。     

数字政府中行政裁量自动化的问题分析和对策研究

数字法治政府的建设对现有行政法体系提出了新的挑战。政务服务手段因数字化的到来迎来了更新，裁量自动化在行政管理领域广泛应用的同时也存在一定的技术风险，这些风险包括主体能动性的损失、个案正义的丧失以及程序价值的缺失等，因此应排除全自动化裁量的应用。数字政府建设应将裁量自动化纳入控权体系之中，一方面要基于法律保留原则划定自动化裁量的作用范围，另一方面要依托正当程序与算法技术理性建构技术正当程序，保障行政程序的人际互动，维护相对人获得共情的权利。     

如何看待人工智能对人的自由全面发展的作用——从《资本论》视域中的“自由人联合体”谈起

马克思在《资本论》中系统地阐述机器与大工业的关系,从机器取代劳动者——提高劳动生产率——缩减必要劳动时间的发展路线,阐明人类进入"自由人联合体"社会的现实可能性,为我们理解人工智能与人的自由全面发展内在关系提供一种新的理论研究路径。基于人类劳动的解放,人工智能促进人机融合,变革社会生产模式,使人的劳动回归到"自由自觉"的活动,最大限度地增加可自由支配的时间,并且人工智能为人类走向"自由人联合体"社会提供物质保障,为加速资本主义制度的消亡奠定基础。     

电子政务的技术应用前沿

电子政务的核心是“政务”而非“电子”,但重视政务与依赖技术并不矛盾.行政管理界在强调和贯彻工具手段必须为价值目的服务的同时,也必须保持对电子政务的技术应用前沿——物联网技术、云计算技术的积极关注、主动追踪和成果利用,这是政府必尽职责,也是为保障政府管理和社会环境科学发展提供基础条件.电子政务前沿技术应用将在未来国家经济发展和社会进步中日益发挥重要作用.     

论政府与公民行政合作的理念及制度构建

合作是人类社会的基本生存状态,是人的自身需要.合作不仅促进了人类社会的发展,也是人实现自我价值的途径.政府与公民行政合作是一种新的行政理念,是建立服务型政府的基础和前提条件.行政合作使行政法的模式由政府与私人对抗关系的管制行政法转交为政府与私人合作信任关系的服务行政法.应加强行政合作基础理论、基本原则的研究,并构建行政合作的制度体系.     

“智慧政府”建设的实践路径——以上海“两张网”建设为例

基于大数据时代背景、治理体系与治理能力现代化的要求、统治行政向服务行政的转变等,"智慧政府"应运而生。上海"两张网"建设通过价值理念转变、政府职能转变、结构优化、流程再造、数据支撑、技术赋能等,打造出"以人为本"的上海样本。今后,应继续加强顶层设计,完成流程再造,完善基础设施建设,推进信息开放与共享,加强安全建设,推动政务服务和城市管理更加科学化、精细化、智慧化。     

生成式人工智能治理原则与法律策略北大核心

生成式人工智能具有拟人类思维能力,涉及法律关系复杂,治理对象具有可变性和高技术性。《生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法》为生成式人工智能服务提供了基本行为规范,但存在适用范围窄及强制力不足等问题,须发挥各类技术规范、技术标准、技术伦理、行业伦理等软法规范的作用,构建软法与硬法结合的规范体系。将政府定位为技术促进者、服务实践者和行政监管机关;服务提供者对生成内容承担生产者责任,意味着产品权益归属于服务提供者,不符合产品的生成规律,也忽略用户的贡献与责任,宜赋予服务提供者主体责任,用户也须承担合理使用责任。     

人工智能时代政府治理的挑战与回应

随着新科技革命的迅猛发展,人工智能的崛起深刻地影响着人类的思维方式、生产方式和生活方式。在公共部门管理领域,人工智能不仅改善了政府治理要素和政府治理结构,而且降低了政府治理成本和提升了政府治理效能,对于推进政府治理体系和治理能力现代化具有重要的革命性意义,但是人工智能也给政府治理带来一些问题,对已"格式化"的治理技术、行政伦理、科层法治和社会安全构成严峻的挑战,因此我们需要从"科技挑战"和"人文回应"两个断面与四个角度来正确理解和认真对待人工智能时代的政府治理。人工智能时代的政府治理,在治理技术方面,面临工具魅惑和算法魅惑,需要进行理性回应;在行政伦理方面,面临人性冲突和道德冲突,需要进行价值回应;在科层法治方面,面临关系失范和行为失范,需要进行规制回应;在社会安全方面,面临生产异化和生活异化,需要进行责任回应。总之,完美释放"人工智能+政府治理"的效能,需要在科技应用与人文关怀之间寻求平衡并作出有效回应。     

Intelligence Analysis

American intelligence analysts have been severely criticized for failing to anticipate the 9/11 Al Qaeda attacks and for the ill-advised invasion of Iraq. The resulting Intelligence Community reorganization, intended to repair these presumed deficiencies, reflects a misunderstanding of what intelligence analysts can do and where responsibility for political and military decisions lie. In fact, the Intelligence Community is far more diversified in its tasks than is generally realized. Where analysis is done and for whom makes a large difference in its effectiveness. Moreover, changing technology is altering how it is done, where, and by whom. The border between what is ‘strategic’ or ‘national’ intelligence and ‘tactical’ intelligence is much diminished. At the same time, intelligence analysts all too often fail to incorporate the growing amounts of open source information, as well as analytic concepts and theories available from academic and scholarly literature.     

Experimental Intelligence

This article explores the use and application of experimental methodologies in intelligence analysis. Previous experimental work has much to tell us about how people process information in making judgments. Calibration, and how appropriate levels of confidence might be improved with systematic feedback, is addressed. Training around uncertainty biases is covered. Extant experimental work suggests mechanisms and tests which might be used to better screen potential analysts for personality characteristics that might make them more suited for some tasks over others. The paradigm of experimental manipulation serves as a useful template for exploring alternative conceptualizations of uncertain environments.     

Intelligence Studies Centers: Making Scholarship on Intelligence Analysis Useful

Abstract

Improving intelligence analysis requires bridging the gap between scholarship and practice. Intelligence studies as an academic discipline is not very theoretical compared to the more established disciplines of political science and international relations. In terms of conceptual depth, levels of abstraction and theoretical development, even the theoretical portions of the academic intelligence studies literature could be described as policy relevant and potentially useful for practitioners, including intelligence analysts. Yet despite this orientation to the practitioner, there is still a substantial gap between scholars and practitioners, thus replicating within a more applied context the conventional theory/practice divide that exists in other fields. Those fields do, however, possess a variety of ideas and recommendations that could be used to bring scholarship on intelligence analysis closer to practice. If implemented, these ideas might help actualize the benefits of scholarship that are as yet still unrealized potential.     

Connecting Intelligence and Theory: Intelligence Liaison and International Relations

Intelligence liaison increased exponentially during the so-called ‘War on Terror’. Today it continues as the most significant dimension of intelligence, including impacting on accountability and oversight considerations. Nevertheless, the intelligence liaison phenomenon remains largely under-studied and substantially under-theorized. In this article, preliminary suggestions are offered concerning how this dearth of theory can be addressed. Firstly, the relevance of international relations theory and other bodies of theory, together with significant approaches concerning how international relations – extending to how intelligence and intelligence-related phenomena (such as, in this article, intelligence co-operation) – can be studied, are explored. These theories, and equally, approaches, are arguably most appropriate when deployed in an arrangement of ‘complex co-existence plurality’ across the different interrelated levels of experience and analysis, and they offer more effective explanations when intelligence liaison is disaggregated into at least eight systemic attributes or variables. More broadly, the suggestion that international relations theory, and indeed theory generally, is ‘irrelevant’ to intelligence studies is simultaneously challenged.     

The Intelligence Paradigm

Ephraim Kam, Surprise Attack: The Victim's Perspective (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988). Pp.266. $25.00.