试论我国城市社区自治管理过程中的法律问题

我国城市社区自治管理处于起步阶段,在实践中出现了诸多问题,如何从法律制度上完善自治组织的运行,对我国城市社区自治管理的实践和发展有着重要的意义.针对现存问题及成因,我们应制定和完善保障基层群众行使自治权利的法律法规;明确社区自治组织职责范围;理顺社区自治组织关系;加强政府宏观管理.     

我国城市社区公共服务绩效评价问题研究——以长春市H社区为个案

本文以H社区为个案,对比了政府绩效考评与居民满意度调查两种评估过程和结果的差异,并从显性的绩效评价指标和隐性的社区治理结构关系两个方面分析了造成差异的主要原因.政府的绩效评估重效率,轻效益;重有形,轻无形.这些特点根植于政府、社区自治组织和居民之间的关系,具体表现为政府居于主导地位,自治组织处于附属地位,居民评估主体地位缺失.基于此,建议以"强政府、强社会"为目标,确保社区公共服务组织的相对独立性,大力支持社会组织提供社区公共服务的活动,积极培育社区社会资本,进而实现政府与社区的合作治理,提高社区公共服务的供给水平.     

社区居民自治与社区居委会建设若干问题探析

不能将居民自治归结为就是居委会的自治,社区居民自治也不是地方性的社区自治,社区治理也是一个具有很强解释力的概念。社区居委会是社区居民会议选举的委员组成的常设机构,不宜简单地将其定位为"议事层"或"执行层"。城市化发展中的社区居委会建设需要从如下几个方面入手:拓展社区居委会管理服务对象;吸引新老居民参与社区活动和公共生活;全面落实新老居民的民主权利;规范社区民主议事和决策程序。     

用社区自治推动数字化城市管理——以北京朝阳区为例

社区自治不仅仅是民主政治的要求,也是数字化城市管理的基础,只有高度重视社区自治,加强引导,避免行政力量过度干预,从体制上培育社区自治的良好环境,促进公民参与城市管理,密切城市监督管理员与社区的联系,数字化城市管理才能不断提高工作效率,提高公共服务质量.     

中美城市社区自治比较研究

本文对中美城市社区自治的形成从历史的角度进行了梳理，分析了城市社区自治在中美不同的政治体制中所产生的背景与功能，并通过比较得出，美国城市社区是以非营利组织等社区自治组织为主体来行使社区管理职能，主导社区发展的自治型治理模式，我国城市社区是在地方政府主导的以党组织和居委会为主体的政府主导型治理模式。笔者进而对我国城市社区自治面临的挑战做了思考，以美国城市社区自治模式为经验，对我国未来的城市社区自治模式进行了展望。     

中美城市社区自治比较研究

本文对中美城市社区自治的形成从历史的角度进行了梳理，分析了城市社区自治在中美不同的政治体制中所产生的背景与功能，并通过比较得出，美国城市社区是以非营利组织等社区自治组织为主体来行使社区管理职能，主导社区发展的自治型治理模式，我国城市社区是在地方政府主导的以党组织和居委会为主体的政府主导型治理模式。笔者进而对我国城市社区自治面临的挑战做了思考，以美国城市社区自治模式为经验，对我国未来的城市社区自治模式进行了展望。     

我国社区自治改革的内卷化分析——一种空间模型的视角

现阶段,我国社区自治改革陷入了"内卷化"的困境,严重制约着我国社区建设的进度和成效.从社区自治改革的空间变迁路径出发,从空间转移、权力转移和利益转移等三个方面对西方国家社区自治改革的成功经验进行分析,指出了西方国家实践经验的后实证主义方法论倾向.以此为基础,构建起一个"内卷化规避"的空间模型,即社区自治改革的成功运行必须同时具备四项内容:宏观上,空间转移的发展取向;中观上,权力转移的路径协调;微观上,利益转移的民主保障;总体上,实质性参与贯穿其中.最后,运用上述模型对我国社区自治改革内卷化的原因进行解读,以图提供一个分析我国社区自治改革"内卷化"的可行性框架.     

城市社区管理体制改革的纵横路径探究

城市社区管理体制改革的成功依赖于改革路径上从纵向和横向两个层面上展开,纵向逻辑涉及社区、小区、楼栋和居民四个层面,这些自治单元具有利益表达、聚合、分配等功能;横向逻辑则涉及到社区和社区以外的力量,包括政府、市场与社会,以形成这四个方面的各类组织与个体间横向关系,并具有区分、交换和整合等功能。     

城市社区建设与社区自治组织的发展

社会共同体的自治理念与现代宪政理论的发展是社区自治的理论与思想基础。在“自我管理、自我服务、自我教育”指导下的社区选举、社区财务、社区管理服务是社区自治组织自治性的具体体现。社区建设的发展对社区自治组织的自治提出了更高的要求，社区居民委员会自治能力的提高成为社区建设与发展的关键所在。通过完善与改进社区选举制度提高社区居民自主推举社区管理的能力，同时，提高社区居民委员会的财务自主能力和自我管理与服务的能力以及加强居民委员会的自身建设，是推动社区自治组织发展的重要途径。     

我国城市社区的中国化道路:形成、发展轨迹及走向

城市社区是城市社会的细胞,是社会发展和稳定的基础,在社会进步和现代化建设中具有十分重要的地位和作用。城市社区是国家与社会相分离的产物,社区自治是我国社区治理未来的发展方向,是社区治理的最佳模式,也是克服当今社区现存问题的有效途径。     

Metis,migrants, and the autonomy of migration

This paper interweaves an ancient conceptualization of movement and mobility with the paradigmatic case of early twentieth-century Chinese migration to the USA in order to explore migrants’ ability to both re-interpret institutional control of movement and generate identities that garner institutional and community acceptance. By not ‘settling’ migrants into the discourse of (undocumented) immigrants, the paper (i) develops a framework for the study of migrants–state interactions that goes beyond claims to citizenship and demands for rights and (ii) explores practices and means through which migrants gain access to restricted territories and maintain presence in otherwise unwelcoming communities. The paper argues that such practices explicate the autonomy of migration: a phenomenon that is constitutive to processes of political transformation and is critical to the study of state sovereignty, citizenship rights, and political agency.     

城市化与村民自治的变迁

在城市化进程中,村民自治,既表现为农村社会政治民主化的发展,又面临农村社会城市化的机遇与挑战.城市化带来村民自治主体条件、自治环境、自治方式与手段的变迁,赋予村民自治新的内涵与形式,其影响是深刻的和基础性的.在城市化的推动下,村民自治在农村社会关系、组织形式、村民生活方式和分配方式多样性的变动中生成、推进与发展,出现了由传统向现代转型,乃至农村社区向城市社区部分或整体转制,村民自治向城市居民自治转制的现象.     

Policy Entrepreneurs,Issue Experts,and Water Rights Policy Change in Colorado

Policy entrepreneurs can influence policy changes and decisions. These people invest their time, knowledge, and skills into promoting policies with which they agree. This paper investigates the influence that entrepreneurs had in the case of recreational water rights policy in Colorado to build a model of policy entrepreneurship. Almost 20 Colorado communities have constructed white‐water kayak courses to boost their local economies. In twelve of these communities, construction was followed by community pursuit of a new form of water right—the recreational in‐channel diversion. This case study is relevant to many areas of environmental policy and management where policies are transitioning from traditional consumptive uses of the resource to nonconsumptive uses. This policy change was not a given in Colorado communities, with recreational water rights requiring significant investments of community resources. These research findings conclude that policy entrepreneurs were influential to policy change, but the most important actors were expert entrepreneurs who hold expertise in water resource matters.     

社区股份公司的发展困境:逆向嵌入与信任消解——基于深圳市L区的实证研究

社区股份公司是城市集体经济的重要组成部分,对于城市的经济发展与空间拓展具有重要意义。面对现阶段我国多样的市场机会,社区股份公司却长期固守低端物业和租赁经济,经济发展模式单一,发展处于停滞状态。基于深圳市L区31家社区股份公司的实证研究,发现股民通过“出身”股权和宗族网络逆向嵌入社区股份公司,严重束缚了社区股份公司管理层的自主性。由于社区股份公司与地方政府缺乏有效的正式沟通渠道,以及过往合作质量较低等因素,极大地消解了双方的信任,社区股份公司不能很好地回应地方政府的扶持政策。未来需要从做实集体股份、完善公司治理、调整股权结构、重建信任机制以及提高政府服务质量等方面入手,破解社区股份公司的发展困境。     

Citizenship,minorities and the struggle for a right to the city in Istanbul

Globalization is generating new forms of citizenship that often go beyond the institutional perception of social identity. These new forms of citizenship are developed in a scalable way to a greater extent than rights and obligations, and are entirely managed by the citizens themselves. To demonstrate empirical support for this issue, the case of minority communities in Turkey constitutes one of the most relevant examples, since citizenship in this country has long been associated with an idea of political loyalty and total allegiance to the nation-state. The main purpose of this article is to show how urban space and urban protest allow minorities to find alternative forms of expression for their collective identity, and to create a new understanding of citizenship beyond the classical definition, being based instead on institutional representation. The aim of this research is to examine the process of urban transformation in Istanbul, how this phenomenon shapes the structure of cities and how it gives rise to social resistance and protest, especially in neighborhoods housing minority communities. In this context, the article focuses on planning movements in Turkey through a comparative study of two urban planning projects and the citizens' protests against them.     

中国城市化进程中社区发展的思考

中国近三十年来的快速城市化进程带来了许多前所未有的社会问题,给城市的管理和发展提出了新的挑战。其中值得重点关注的一个挑战就是如何改造、更新和发展城市社区。结合中国现阶段的发展现实,将社区按各自的特点进行分类,分析了它们的成因、功能和存在的问题,提出要重新认识这些社区的价值,结合新的社区发展理念,有针对性地制订不同的发展战略,实现社区发展的目标,保障城市化过程的健康稳定与和谐。     

Environmental Justice and Information Technologies: Overcoming the Information-Access Paradox in Urban Communities

Scientific studies and resident testimony suggest that urban residents in low-income and minority communities have been subject to an unequal burden of environmental pollution and inequitable environmental enforcement practices. A key component of the equitable development and implementation of environmental policies is the participation of citizens and community-based organizations in the policy process. Such participation rests upon equitable access to agency-generated environmental information and effective use of that information by citizens. This article focuses on the adoption of Internet technologies by environmental agencies as a mechanism for disseminating information and the implications for low-income and minority residents in urban communities. A framework is developed to guide a programmatic response to overcome these implications. The results from several community-based projects are described and analyzed for their capacity-building effectiveness. Analysis of the projects indicates improvement in community capacity for information access and use, which bolstered community participation in the environmental decision-making process.     

中国劳动力市场演化与政府行为

劳动力市场培育是中国改革的核心问题之一.中国经济改革是在城乡隔绝的特殊背景下展开的.旧体制下,城市国有部门人浮于事,大锅饭、铁饭碗造成效率低下;农村劳动力被禁锢在土地上,隔离在国家工业化进程之外,大量农村剩余劳动力不能及时转移到非农产业,造成极大浪费和损失.劳动力市场改革基于城市"治懒"、农村"治贫"的目标展开.逐步把国有部门职工推向市场,同时逐步改善农村劳动力的配置效率,渐进式改革、逐步释放被压抑的生产力,这是中国经济持续高速增长的根本动力.劳动力市场培育也是城乡劳动者权利的双向调整和逐步接近的过程.改革已取得了很大进展,但城乡劳动者的平等权利尚未实现.名义权利与实际权利的差异是当前最突出的问题.这种权利差异对经济社会协调发展造成威胁.增长、稳定、公平是左右政府改革行为的三大变量.劳动力市场上的权利不平等已成为经济持续增长和社会稳定的巨大障碍.贯彻新发展观,构建和谐社会正在使政策导向发生改变.     

Human rights and the city: Including marginalized communities in urban development and smart cities

The idea that the city belongs to all individuals inhabiting the urban space is grounded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the New Urban Agenda, and it is referred to as “right to the city” or “rights in the city.” This article discusses how human rights relate to the city and its inhabitants, examines the meaning of the right to the city and human rights in the city in today’s urban environment, and deliberates how to transform cities into spaces that reflect fundamental human rights principles. By looking at the situation of marginalized groups in cities, the article focuses on the questions of how to build inclusive, fair, and accessible cities and how to eliminate inequalities seen in urban communities. Because technology is often cited as one way to foster integration of marginalized communities, special attention will be given to the smart city and the opportunities and challenges presented by information and communication technologies (ICTs) for human rights, accessibility, and inclusion. Using the case of persons with disabilities as an illustration, the article argues that urban development needs to be fundamentally transformed to live up to human rights standards. Only a multi-stakeholder urban design process will produce truly inclusive urban spaces that fulfill the right to the city.     

Community Building,Civil Society and Societal Service Production in China

This article examines the Chinese scholarly discourse about promoting civil society, constructing urban and rural communities, and transferring social service provision to society. It finds that this discourse treats two separate models as if they were one. The civil society model stresses freedom to organize for advancing the aims that participants share. The community building model emphasizes community governance and empowerment. Together, these two models expect both the state and society to strengthen their presence in the same communal space. These two models have theoretical inconsistencies, but these inconsistencies disappear if civil society is understood in the very narrow terms of the ‘small government, big society' model in which the state wants to reduce its own economic burdens in social service production. It is thus likely that in China civil society either remains secondary to the state-initiated channels of social and political participation in communities, or takes place mainly on the regional or national scope in which civil society organizations no longer compete with communal ones.