关于新刑事诉讼法下检察机关适用刑事和解的思考

近年来,新刑诉法增加了刑事和解的制度.刑事和解制度明确了案件的范围、程序、条件以及法律效力,弥补了传统刑诉法律的不足,成为了公诉案件进行刑事和解的法律依据.同时,也为完善刑事和解的检察政策创造了条件.但是,也给检察机关依法办案带来了新的问题.比如,司法公正等.本文主要根据我国当前检察机关刑事和解的现状及问题,对新刑诉下检察机关适用刑事和解的有效对策进行了探讨,以期推动刑事和解制度的全面发展.     

公诉案件刑事和解实证研究

刑事和解作为一种有别于传统的案件处理方式,近年来出现于我国司法实践之中,并在许多地区进行了多元化探索。数据表明,在刑事和解的内容、适用的案件范围、主持者和参与者、和解成功案件的处理方式、需要的工作量和时间、影响成功与否的因素、相关配套制度和效果等方面,有些理论预设是成立的,有些则是不完全成立甚至是根本不成立的。历时两年多的实证研究,不仅检验了刑事和解的各项功能及对刑事和解的正当性基础提供了数据支持,更重要的是在宏观上揭示了我国刑事和解的现状,从而为解决刑事和解适用中存在的问题及探索刑事和解在我国的可行性模式提供了认识上的基础和前提。     

刑事和解适用问题实证研究——以广东省为例

刑事和解的“合法性”、适用的程序以及刑事和解与“花钱买刑”之间的关系一直是困扰刑事和解司法实践的主要问题.对广东省三类地区在刑事和解范围、条件、主持者、参与者、承担责任的方式等方面进行实证调研后发现,刑事和解在刑事诉讼法中的立法设计宜粗不宜细;和解的主持者可采取公安司法机关为主,人民调解委员会为辅的模式;和解范围应在侦查、起诉和审判阶段区别对待.     

论我国刑事和解的立法化

我国刑事和解立法不但是必要的,而且是可行的;为便于司法机关统一适用刑事和解.防止刑事和解的随意性,更好地保护被害人的利益,应当在刑事诉讼法和刑法中的适当位置分别就刑事和解的程序规则和实体处理进行规定.     

我国当前的社区状况、赔偿观念、政治文明与刑事和解

各国的文化、传统、政策、犯罪状况等的不同,各国刑事和解适用的范围、模式也存有差别.我国刑事和解的顺利开展,必须充分认识我国的实际情况.我国传统社会就是一熟人社会,熟人之间的纠纷适用调解、和解的方式解决,这一做法对现今人们的交往模式仍然有重要影响.我国罪犯的赔偿意识很弱,不利于刑事和解的顺利开展.但在国家补偿难以全面配套、被害人急需物质赔偿的情况下,以犯罪人赔偿为主要方式之一的刑事和解的开展又显得十分必要.刑事和解的开展应建立在政治文明的基础之上,我国传统社会的政治集权不利于刑事和解的开展.但现今国家提出的和谐社会的建构对于刑事和解的开展是一契机.     

关于新刑事诉讼法下的刑事和解制度研究

刑事和解制度最早出现在上个世纪,它的产生对西方的刑事司法实践产生了极大的影响.该制度从正义的角度出发,逐渐演变为一种保护被害人权益的司法制度,在当下又被称为加害人同被害人的和解制度.一直以来,我国倡导的是建立和谐社会,该项制度的广泛应用将会大大的促进这一治国理念的实现.因此,本文首先对刑事和解制度的概念以及特点进行简要论述,其次分析了当前我国构建刑事和解制度的必要性、可行性,并以此结合当前我国对该项制度的应用现状,最终得出刑事和解机制在我国的完善,以推进和谐社会的构建,更好地保障人权.     

对刑事和解司法适用的若干思考

刑事和解制度是恢复性司法的体现,在建设社会主义和谐社会、贯彻宽严相济刑事司法政策的背景下,我国已有一些地区的司法机关对刑事和解制度进行试行、摸索,从中逐渐凸显出其价值与局限,本文对此进行了简要分析。     

论我国刑事和解制度的完善

在我国新的刑事政策背景下,新刑诉法规定了刑事和解制度.刑事和解作为一种恢复性司法制度具有自愿性、合法性、修复性、目的性等特征.我国刑事和解制度是多种原因促成的,它的产生具有必然性,但我国目前的刑事和解制度还存在一些弊端,刑事和解在我国的发展还需要进一步完善.     

我国重罪案件适用刑事和解面临的挑战及应对

刑事和解在我国重罪案件中的适用具有一定的普遍性.我国新《刑事诉讼法》第277条规定刑事和解仅适用于轻罪案件,这为今后在重罪案件中适用刑事和解带来了挑战.我国刑事和解制度包含的内容在附带民事诉讼调解中均能直接或间接地体现出来,因而新《刑事诉讼法》第101条关于附带民事诉讼调解的规定为刑事和解适用于重罪案件提供了可能.为了规范刑事和解在重罪案件中的适用,建议明确可以适用附带民事诉讼调解的重罪案件范围、在附带民事诉讼调解中确立刑事和解优先原则、明确附带民事诉讼调解的最高赔偿标准和从宽处罚的幅度.     

试论新刑事诉讼法背景下刑事和解制度

在大力倡导社会主义和谐社会的背景之下,刑事和解制度在丰富的司法实践中应运而生,为刑事纠纷的解决提供了更多的方式.刑事和解制度在司法实践中能够更好地考虑被害人的想法、要求等,通过双方当事人的交流、协商等对刑事纠纷进行解决.在新《刑事诉讼法》中包含了刑事和解制度,并对其作出了具体的规定,一方面为刑事和解案件的处理提供了法律依据,另一方面为刑事司法改革指明了方向.然而,刑事和解制度在设计等方面还存在许多不足之处,本文对新刑事诉讼法背景下刑事和解制度存在的问题及解决对策进行了分析,为刑事和解制度的发展与完善提供参考与借鉴.     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。