根据中国汉族女性甲状软骨推算年龄的研究

目的 根据中国汉族女性甲状软骨推算年龄。方法 对69例已知年龄的中国汉族女性甲状软骨进行软X线摄片和(或)普通X线摄片,从甲状软骨的摄片上选择5个与年龄变化关系较为密切的观察部位,每个部位又划分成3至6个等级,然后采用多元线性回归分析法,建立其推算年龄的数学模型。结果运用该方法推算女性甲状软骨年龄,其标准差为1.969,复相关系数为0.984。结论 本方法适用于中国汉族女性甲状软骨年龄推算,其有效年龄范围为18～60岁。     

中国北方汉族男性鼻尖位置的推定

为获得太地区汉族男性鼻外形的一些基础数据，本文就鼻尖位置与颅骨的相互关系，应用多元逐步回归的方法进行了初步研究。本研究所用材料为大连及烟台地区汉族男性（20～25岁），头面部五官端正，即无任何残疾或畸型的头面部测位X线片，共30例。参照文献方法，令被检者呈上姿，头部用耳服平面（法兰克福平面）定位仪固定，拍照侧位X残片。采用国产X—G200型X线机，X线管球的焦点至暗片盒距离为150cm，头部正中矢状面至胶片的距离为10cm，管电压力80kv．管电流为100rnA，自动曝光时间为2．5s，放大倍率为外0.07根据测量项目，设定基准点（…     

Nolla法在乌鲁木齐地区维、汉未成年人群中通过牙龄推断年龄的应用

目的 评估应用Nolla法推断乌鲁木齐地区维吾尔族和汉族3～16岁未成年人群年龄的适用性和准确性。方法 收集2019年～2021年新疆医科大学附属口腔医院年龄在3～16岁的乌鲁木齐地区维吾尔族和汉族拍摄的全口曲面体层片1 208例，其中维吾尔族547例（男性：267例，女性：280例），汉族661例（男性：347例，女性：314例）。按照Nolla法分期标准及其提供的年龄转换表获得牙龄。将所得牙龄与生理年龄进行配对t检验。结果 维吾尔族男性平均生理年龄为（8.81±3.75）岁，女性为（9.62±3.68）岁；男性平均低估了0.06岁，女性平均低估了0.52岁；平均绝对误差（Mean Absolute Error,MAE）男、女性分别为0.70岁和0.80岁。汉族男性平均生理年龄为（9.07±3.77）岁，女性为（8.96±3.86）岁；男性平均低估了0.13岁，女性平均低估了0.64岁；MAE男、女性分别为0.69岁和0.90岁。结论 Nolla法适用于除女性15～16岁的乌鲁木齐地区维吾尔族和汉族未成年人群，维吾尔族准确性高于汉族，男性较女性准确。另外，本研究提出了恒牙总成熟度-生...     

计算机X线成像测量青少年四肢长骨推算身高

目的 应用计算机X线成像(computed radiographv,CR)测量活体上肢骨及胫腓骨正位片上相关指标,建立适合当代中国四川地区汉族14～18岁人群运用上肢骨及胫腓骨推算身高的数学模型.方法 对194例14～18岁四川汉族健康青少年进行左侧肢体上肢骨及胫腓骨正位摄片,测量特定标志点间距离,同时准确测量其身高....     

河南与浙江地区汉族女性青少年骨发育差异性分析

目的 探讨河南与浙江地区之间女性青少年骨发育的差异性.方法 摄取河南及浙江两地599例年龄介于12～19岁的女性锁骨胸骨端及六大关节x线片.对照青少年骨发育分级标准24项骨骼发育指标进行阅片,并通过数学模型法计算骨龄,然后利用SPSS 15.0软件对骨龄与生活年龄的比值进行不同地区间差异性分析. 结果 河南女性青少年骨发育在14-15岁年龄段(不含15周岁)比浙江提前约0.39岁,河南女性青少年骨发育在15～16岁年龄段(不含16周岁)比浙江滞后约0.37岁,河南女性青少年骨发育在18-19岁年龄段(不含19周岁)比浙江滞后约0.38岁,余年龄段无统计学差异.结论 河南与浙江地区女性青少年骨发育比较存在差异性,呈现先快后慢的趋势.本研究结论 可供法医学、人类学、临床医学等有关学科对青少年骨龄评价作为参考.     

放射影像学方法测量活体女性颈椎推算身高

目的测量颈椎高度建立四川汉族女性人群的身高推算方程，为法医学个人识别提供帮助。方法应用计算机X线摄影放射学方法，在209例四川汉族女性颈椎CR片上测量C3～C7椎体高度，并准确测量身高。按年龄是否大于45岁进行分组，对各颈椎的测量数据与身高进行线性回归分析，建立颈椎推算身高的回归方程。结果共建立一元回归方程36个，多元回归方程12个，所有回归方程经线性回归模型假设检验，均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。所建立的回归方程的复相关系数（r）在0．628～0．280范围内，回归方程的标准误在4．03～5．03cm范围内。结论本研究所建立的回归方程，可用于四川汉族女性颈椎的身高推算。     

Demirjian法在推断上海汉族青少年生活年龄中的应用

目的研究Demirjian法推断上海汉族青少年生活年龄的适用性。方法收集上海市第九人民医院符合纳入标准的年龄在11～20周岁的汉族青少年口腔曲面全景片501例．其中男性168例．女性333例。按照Demirjian法进行牙龄推断,并对生活年龄与Demirjian法推断的牙龄进行配对t检验：通过单因素数学模型探索两者之间的关系。结果直接应用Demirjian方法推断上海汉族青少年牙龄时．其推断的牙龄与实际生活年龄之间存在差异。通过建立牙龄推断的单因素数学模型。并将其推断的年龄与实际生活年龄进行配对t检验,结果显示男性12～16周岁（不含16周岁）、女性13～14周岁（不含14周岁）和15～17周岁（不合17周岁）年龄段无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,并且有81．04％的样本推断误差小于1岁。结论本研究有望成为推断上海地区汉族青少年生活年龄的有效方法,但不适合17周岁以上青少年人群。     

广东地区6～18周岁汉族人群牙齿生长发育的比较研究

目的比较广东不同地区汉族人群牙齿生长发育的差异。方法依据牙齿钙化分级标准分别对广州市的1774名(男性899名,女性875名)和深圳市的1730名(男性846名,女性884名)6～18周岁汉族人群的全口曲面断层影像上的下颌牙齿钙化程度进行分级和评分;将评分结果输入SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析。结果牙齿钙化程度与年龄变化呈正相关,两地区同性别间牙齿钙化分级评分值检验结果P>0.05,两地区年龄对应的级别和级别对应的年龄基本一致。结论广东广州市和深圳市两地间青少年牙齿生长发育水平一致。     

苏州地区汉族和哈尼族人群17个STR基因座的遗传多态性

<正>本研究采用AGCU17+1STR荧光检测试剂盒(无锡中德美联生物技术有限公司),对苏州地区哈尼族人群进行17个STR基因座的遗传多态性调查,获取了相关的群体遗传学参数,并与本地区汉族人群进行比较,旨在为该地区哈尼族人群的法医学个人识别和亲子鉴定以及群体遗传学研究提供基础数据。1材料与方法苏州地区2000名汉族无关个体口腔拭子样本(男性1640例,女性360例),215名哈尼族无关个体     

四川汉族青少年肘关节数字X线影像骨龄特征研究

目的观测四川地区青少年肘关节数字X影像的骨发育特征规律,建立肘关节推断年龄的回归方程。方法拍摄608例8～18岁青少年进行肘关节数字X线片,按性别及年龄分组,选取肘关节6个骨化中心作为观测指标,对发育特征进行分级、赋值。采用SPSS 15.0统计软件对各观测值进行描述性统计学分析,建立推算年龄的回归方程。结果得出男女性青少年肘关节继发骨化中心出现、闭合的年龄范围、平均年龄以及95%置信区间等数据。一元回归方程的复相关系数(R)范围:男性0.874～0.914,女性0.883～0.954;年龄估计值标准误(SE)范围:男性0.934～1.101岁,女性0.561～0.883岁;多元回归方程R值及SE值:男性为0.946、0.750岁,女性为0.964、0.500岁。所有方程均经统计学检验与诊断,具有较好的适用性。结论本文选择的肘关节指标发育特征与年龄有相关性,其中肱骨内上髁、桡骨小头及肱骨小头骨骺均呈高度显著相关,建立的回归方程可用于相关人群年龄推断,且多元回归方程准确性更高。     

头面部软组织厚度的观测报告

选用30具成尸,在头面部设34个测量点(中线上14、侧面20),测了各点软组织的厚度;观测了眼在眶中的位置、眼裂的内外径、外耳厚、上下高、前后宽及纵轴斜向前下方的角度、口裂的宽度和上下唇的厚度、外鼻的上下长,鼻底的宽,鼻尖的高和鼻孔的口径等,为面貌复原、整容、头面部软组织损伤后的整形修复提供解剖学资料。     

A simple method of nose tip shape validation for facial approximation

Despite numerous papers relating to the prediction of nose projection for the purposes of facial approximation, there is little guidance for nose tip shape that has been evaluated on a known data set. This study presents a novel, simple technique for validation of the reconstructed nose tip shape based on methods used in actual approximation practice. The data set was comprised of 25 full-head computed tomography (CT) patient scans. In 22 of the 25 patients across all age and sex groups, when the head is tilted so that soft tissue pronasale is superimposed on hard tissue rhinion, the curvature of the nose tip was found to mimic the curvature of the superior portion of the nasal aperture. This occurs when the head is tilted dorsally by approximately 60° (55.87±5.91). Individuals with snub noses presented a much wider tip curvature. The method was highly repeatable and was evaluated through inter- and intra-observer studies (error=3.15%).     

红细胞酯酶D(EsD)型的分布及血痕EsD型的检出

本文应用高压琼脂糖凝胶电泳法对沈阳地区汉族221例随机献血者的红细胞酯酶D(EsD)型进行了检测,其基因频率为 EsD~1=0.629,EsD~2=0.371。结合文献资料分析了EsD 型分布的种族差异,发现黄种人的 EsD~1频率最低,白种人及黑人最高。用本法对红细胞溶血液的最小检出量为1μl;以1μl 溶血液作成的血痕检样,室温保存2周仍可分型。以5μl 溶血液作成的血痕检样可分型时间为3周;37℃保存的溶血液可分型时间为7～8天。     

根据射击弹头进膛痕迹区分发射枪种的研究

通过对射击弹头上进膛痕迹的形成机理.特征反映、影响因素、识别方法,论述了射击弹头上进膛痕迹的应用,对克服原有区分发射枪种方法的局限性,开辟弹头痕迹检验新途径,具有现实意义.     

FACE‐R—A 3D Database of 400 Living Individuals' Full Head CT‐ and Face Scans and Preliminary GMM Analysis for Craniofacial Reconstruction

In the past, improvements in craniofacial reconstructions (CFR) methodology languished due to the lack of adequate 3D databases that were sufficiently large and appropriate for 3‐dimensional shape statistics. In our study, we created the “FACE‐R” database from CT records and 3D surface scans of 400 clinical patients from Hungary, providing a significantly larger sample that was available before. The uniqueness of our database is linking of two data types that makes possible to investigate the bone and skin surface of the same individual, in upright position, thus eliminating many of the gravitational effects on the face during CT scanning. We performed a preliminary geometric morphometric (GMM) study using 3D data that produces a general idea of skull and face shape correlations. The vertical position of the tip of the (soft) nose for a skull and landmarks such as rhinion need to be taken into account. Likewise, the anterior nasal spine appears to exert some influence in this regard.     

Validation of the New Interpretation of Gerasimov's Nasal Projection Method for Forensic Facial Approximation Using CT Data,

The most common method to predict nasal projection for forensic facial approximation is Gerasimov's two‐tangent method. Ullrich H, Stephan CN (J Forensic Sci, 2011; 56: 470) argued that the method has not being properly implemented and a revised interpretation was proposed. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of both versions using a sample of 66 postmortem cranial CT data. The true nasal tip was defined using pronasale and nasal spine line, as it was not originally specified by Gerasimov. The original guidelines were found to be highly inaccurate with the position of the nasal tip being overestimated by c. 2 cm. Despite the revised interpretation consistently resulting in smaller distance from true nasal tip, the method was not statistically accurate (p > 0.05) in positioning the tip of the nose (absolute distance >5 mm). These results support that Gerasimov's method was not properly performed, and Ullrich H, Stephan CN (J Forensic Sci, 2011; 56: 470) interpretation should be used instead.     

ECONOMIC THREAT AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN INCARCERATION: THE CASE OF POSTBELLUM GEORGIA

Economic threat figures prominently in recent explanations of lethal social control directed against blacks after the Civil War. As the position of whites and blacks became more similar, racial antagonisms intensified and found expression in efforts to suppress and intimidate blacks through lynchings and executions. This paper applies the economic threat hypothesis to the exercise of nonlethal social control in Georgia between 1874 and 1936. Time series analysis indicates that declines in racial inequality slightly increased racial disparities in incarceration. More noticeably, they decreased the black male incarceration rate and increased its white counterpart. The paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and empirical implications of the results.     

烧骨残片种属鉴定的研究

为了找出常见动物骨骼焚烧残片的种属鉴定方法,笔者对猪、羊,股骨及肱骨的断端,猪、羊、牛颅骨的残片(额顶部),焚烧后进行了观察及测量,并与人类股骨、肱骨及焚烧的颅骨残片进行了比较.结果发现,长骨滋养孔的位置,骨干骨壁厚度,以及颅骨厚度,颅缝形态及内板表面特征等方面,是鉴定骨骼残片种属的有价值的特征.根据对常见动物长骨及颅骨残片的现察及研究,提出了骨骼残片种属鉴定的方法.     

死后组织DNA变化与死亡时间关系的研究

为调查死后组织DNA含量变化与死亡时间的关系,本文采用流式细胞仪对死后0～96小时(0～96hourpostmortem,hpm)大鼠的骨骼肌、脾、肾细胞DNA含量进行分析,结果表明,各组织显示了随死后间隔时间延长,含碎片DNA细胞增多,含完整DNA细胞减少的趋势;DNA降解系列组方图分析结果表明,脾组织降解速度明显快于肾和骨骼肌组织;骨骼肌在制成单细胞悬液过程中的人为损伤,可造成DNA提前降解.     

Pronasale Position: An Appraisal of Two Recently Proposed Methods for Predicting Nasal Projection in Facial Reconstruction

This study examines two recently proposed methods for predicting nose projection from the skull, those developed by Stephan et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 122, 2003, 240) and Rynn et al. (Forensic Sci Med Pathol 6, 2010, 20). A sample of 86 lateral head cephalograms of adult subjects from Central Europe was measured, and the actual and predicted dimensions were compared. Regarding nose projection (the anterior and vertical position of the pronasale), in general, the method of Rynn et al. (Forensic Sci Med Pathol 6, 2010, 20) was found to perform better and with less error variance than the method of Stephan et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 122, 2003, 240), but the mean difference between the actual and predicted values did not exceed 2.2 mm (6.5% of the actual dimension) in most of the variables tested. The vertical dimensions of the nose were predictable with greater accuracy than the horizontal dimensions. Although the mean error of both methods is not great in practice and thus both methods could be considered to be “accurate,” the real variance of error should not be overlooked.