SiFa~(TM) 23 Plex试剂盒(提取测试版)在汉族人群中的法医学调查

目的评估SiFa~(TM) 23 Plex试剂盒(提取测试版)的性能及其所包含的STR基因座在汉族人群中的群体遗传学信息。方法应用试剂盒对1 000名汉族健康无关个体进行分型检测,检测试剂盒有效性并统计分析STR基因座的频率数据及群体遗传学参数信息。结果该试剂盒最小扩增体系可以为6.25μL,标准体系25μL中DNA含量低至125 pg可获取理想分型图谱。试剂盒中包含的21个常染色体STR基因座在1000人份中共检测到267个等位基因,均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。新增加的两个STR基因座D1S1656和D10S1248分别检测到15和11个等位基因,多态信息含量丰富。结论 SiFa~(TM) 23 Plex试剂盒(提取测试版)对于血液样本检测性能优越,准确性、重复性、灵敏度均可满足法医学检案需求,可以应用于法医学实际检案及DNA建库工作。     

藏獒犬11个STR基因座遗传多态性

目的建立犬STR复合扩增体系,为犬个体识别和亲权鉴定提供一种检测方法。方法用自行建立的11个犬STR基因座复合扩增体系,使用ABI3130XL遗传分析仪,对107份藏獒唾液DNA样本的扩增产物进行检测及统计学分析。结果除1个基因座杂合度低于60%,其他10个基因座杂合度均高于70%;11个基因座PIC值均在0.6以上;11个基因座中有8个基因座的个体识别率在0.938以上,其余3个基因座均在0.826以上;父权排除率除TETRA为0.267,其余在0.401~0.749之间,偶合机率1.08×10-13。结论此11个犬STR基因座在藏獒犬中具有较高的个体识别能力,可用于犬类个体识别和亲权鉴定。     

论违规披露、不披露重要信息罪的可能性失灵——以收益权凭证交易为例证

信息披露制度是金融监管法律制度的核心内容,需要刑法保护。为确保刑法调整信息披露制度的有效性,"违规披露、不披露重要信息罪"在原《刑法》条文的基础上,对主体、客观行为和行为结果都进行了修订完善。新的金融产品的出现使"违规披露、不披露重要信息罪"出现了漏洞,面临可能性失灵的现实问题,收益权凭证交易这一新型合成型资产证券化产品就是例证。创新资产证券化产品,监管部门要依据其交易特征,出台相应监管规则,注重完善信息披露制度,防止"违规披露、不披露重要信息罪"的可能性失灵。     

Allele and genotype frequencies for D1S80 and 3'APOB in Recanati, Central Italy

The VNTR 3'APOB and D1S80 loci were studied in a sample of 179 individuals living in the Recanati Area (Central Italy). For 3'APOB, we found 34 genotypes and 11 alleles. The system was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.788 and 0.798 respectively. The discrimination power was 0.96, the a-priori paternity exclusion power was 0.619 and the polymorphism information content was 0.773. For D1S80, we found 45 genotypes and 18 alleles. The system deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.696 and 0.790 respectively. The discrimination power was 0.96, the a-priori paternity exclusion power was 0.617 and PIC was 0.767. The Recanati sample was compared with the general Italian frequencies for the 3'APOB locus. A difference of borderline significance was detected (P = 0.04). For D1S80, the sample was compared with a sample from Southern Italy and no significant difference was detected.     

运用二重PCR和DNA芯片技术检测ABO基因型

目的以玻片为载体,用寡核苷酸探针杂交技术检测ABO基因型。方法根据ABO基因座外显子6和外显子7的3个SNP点的序列分布特征设计4条寡核苷酸探针,制成分型芯片。将待测样品DNA用末端标记了Cy5的引物进行二重PCR扩增,产物与芯片上的探针进行杂交,根据杂交产生的荧光信号确定样品的ABO基因型。结果利用ABO芯片,可对血斑、毛发等微量检材进行ABO基因型检测。对115名汉族无关个体的调查表明,ABO基因型的分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,等位基因杂合度观察值和期望值分别为0.591、0.616,多态信息含量为0.544,二联体和三联体非父排除率分别为0.188、0.334,个体识别能力为0.777。结论通过DNA芯片检测ABO基因型的技术适用于法医学样本,可满足高通量的检测需求。     

犬11个STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的调查犬11个STR基因座的群体遗传多态性。方法应用自主构建的犬11个STR基因座（PEZ1、PEZ2、PEZ3、PEZ5、PEZ6、PEZ8、PEZ12、FH2010、FH2054、FH2132和FH2611）荧光复合扩增体系，扩增105只犬的样本，统计各基因座扩增结果，并分析其群体遗传参数。结果11个STR基因座的累积非父排除率和累积个体识别率分别为0．9330621和0．9999999．平均杂和度和平均多态信息含量分别为0．502和0．640。结论该11个犬STR基因座的遗传多态性较好，可以有效用于犬的个体识别和亲权鉴定。     

对完善《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》听证制度的若干建议

《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》中的有关听证程序内容过于简略化、原则化,不易操作,需要加以完善。听证适用范围应扩大到各种具体行政行为,“较大数额罚款”需重新界定;听证申请权须延伸到所有利害关系人;听证告知制度要规定告知方式及告知书的内容;听证通知制度应规定将第三人和案件调查人员作为听证通知的对象;应明确规定案件调查人员享有质证权;尽快确立案卷排他性原则;应充实听证中证据制度的规定,丰富听证程序适用方式。条件成熟时可将听证制度专列于《行政程序法》之中。     

法医毒物学数据库构建及电子信息平台系统的实现

为适应时代和专业任务的需求,改善传统的法医毒物学关键信息获取方式,设计、建立法医毒物学数据库及信息平台系统十分重要.利用基于Web的B/S结构建立结构合理的信息系统,收集、整合、收录518种毒物的鉴定相关关键信息,并提供基础检索、中毒症状检索和质谱图检索三种检索途径.所建系统结构合理,内容丰富,检索方式多样,能较好满足毒物鉴定实践需求.     

足迹信息的计算机管理与查询

目的　根据国内足迹计算机管理系统的现状和需求 ,研制了适合我国刑侦工作特点的足迹管理与查询系统。方法　通过建立鞋厂鞋样、现场足迹和犯罪嫌疑人足迹数据库 ,利用足迹分析与比对软件进行管理和查询。结果　该软件完全能实现足迹管理计算机化 ,降低技术人员的劳动强度 ,提高足迹信息的使用率。结论　该软件使用方便快捷 ,适合推广使用     

我国互联网内容分级制度研究

保护未成年人健康成长需要净化互联网内容,兼顾成年人的权利,弥补现行法律漏洞,需要建立互联网内容分级法律制度。国际上,德、美、韩三国未成年人互联网保护立法的主要经验是间接监管、减轻企业负担、扩大社会参与、强化行业自治。我国互联网内容分级制度是指为避免未成年人接触互联网不适宜信息,由提供者对互联网内容分类、标签,学校、家庭等过滤,社会监督、评估,政府间接监管的法律规范总和,在立法时应坚持共同治理、最小限制、适当负担、奖惩并用四项原则;应明确分级范围、分级标准和过滤软件;确定七大类主体的权利义务。     

论信用的法权性质与权利归属

从我国第一部民法草案起草之日起,对信用及信用权相关问题的争论一直延续至今,其根本原因在于信用权论证视角转换所带来的逻辑关系混乱。信用主体普遍性、利益交换的客体凝练及内容要素中义务承担者指向明确且义务正当化理由证立充分,使信用权利构成要素清晰,信用能够独立成权。信用权的不完全人格与不完全精神利益属性及强信息功能,使信用权的内涵与外延为人格权及其域下名誉权、信息权益所不能统摄。根据权利体系成员标准与生成逻辑,信用权在现有权利体系中没有生成关系,不属于人格权、债权与知识产权的权利束成员。作为一种新型权利,信用权在权利体系中的定位,在确保其法律适用性的同时,又必须保证既存权利体系的安定性和融贯性,使权利体系在权利稳定与权利进化中实现机制平衡。     

Toward multidimensional information: A derivatization-free UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS method for amino acid components of fingerprint

The analysis of fingerprint chemical composition is a meaningful way to excavate the multidimensional information of fingerprint, including the donor profiling information and the age of a fingerprint, which broadens the evidential values of fingerprint, especially for the partial and distorted fingerprint. But the research remains still in the pilot phases or is ongoing. Amino acids are the dominant organic substances in latent sweat fingerprint and influenced by many donor factors. Hence, their content reflects personal information of donors. Forensic science will be revolutionized if suspects can be individualized by their amino acid content. The diverse nature, distinct physicochemical properties, and ultra-micro levels of amino acids present in fingerprints make it hard to detect. A high sensitivity method for detecting and quantifying multiple amino acid components is required. UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS offers high sensitivity, high separation, simultaneous multicomponents detection, and no derivatization, making it an ideal method for detecting and analyzing amino acids in fingerprints. Therefore, in this study, we propose and validate an efficient UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS method for the extraction and analysis of 13 amino acids from fingerprint. We compared the results of amino acids of 10 different substrates and found that the inherent amino acids in most porous substrates would have been extracted along with the fingerprint amino acids, making them unsuitable for quantitative amino acid analysis. Instead, plastic sheets are ideal substrates for laboratory studies. Then, extensive experiments were conducted among 30 donors for multidimensional information analysis. The type of samples analyzed were eccrine-rich fingerprints. A Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) model was developed, and the female and male donors were successfully differentiated by amino acids in fingerprints. Two other mathematical models were also developed to verify the accuracy, and all three different mathematical models were able to identify donors of different genders with over 90% accuracy. This demonstrates that amino acids have the potential to provide more information for donors as metabolic markers. In the future, we will conduct a series of experiments to analyze more multidimensional information for individual identification by amino acid content in the fingerprint.     

Impact of Information About Sentencing Decisions on Public Attitudes Toward the Criminal Justice System

Research reveals public dissatisfaction with perceived leniency of the criminal justice system. However, when asked to sentence hypothetical offenders, members of the public tend to choose dispositions similar to what current court practices prescribe. In two studies reported here, subjects completed a mock sentencing exercise and a general attitude survey. In an initial pilot study, they expressed general dissatisfaction with the criminal justice system but the relative punitiveness of their sentences (in terms of their perceptions of how severe various sentencing options are) was only slightly elevated above a set of reference sentences. Providing a typical judge's sentencing decisions did not decrease dissatisfaction but was associated with an anchoring effect. This effect was explored in the main study by manipulating the provided reference sentences to be either lenient, moderate, or punitive. Again, participants expressed general dissatisfaction with the criminal justice system but prescribed generally moderate sentences, anchoring their sentences to the information provided. However, only those exposed to moderate typical sentences subsequently reported reduced dissatisfaction with the criminal justice system.     

Explaining Controversial Organizational Decisions: To Legitimize the Means or the Ends?

We investigated the influence of information legitimizing the means—or decision procedures—versus information legitimizing the ends—or the decision outcome—on observers' reactions to an undesirable organizational decision. One hundred and sixty-one employees read an account of a company layoff occurring in a nearby city. The content was experimentally manipulated, such that participants either (i) did or did not receive information legitimizing the layoff procedures, and (ii) did or did not receive information legitimizing the layoff itself. Furthermore, participants received one of two versions of the manipulations, to assess the generalizability of the results across two operationalizations of the primary independent variables. Whereas both information legitimizing the means and information legitimizing the ends were necessary (and neither sufficient) to mitigate observers' judgments of outcome unfairness, procedural information was necessary and sufficient to influence evaluations of the organization. Overall, the data are consistent with the notion that the effectiveness of managerial accounts might be determined not only by information explaining why but also information explaining how decisions are made.     

Assessing sheriff’s office emergency and disaster website communications

Sheriff’s offices are an integral component of the public health emergency preparedness and response system in the USA. During a public health emergency or disaster, sheriff’s offices need to communicate with people affected by the event. Sheriff’s office websites are logical sources for information about disaster preparedness and response efforts. No prior research evaluates emergency preparedness and response resources available through sheriff’s office websites. The current research is a national study of sheriff’s office websites to assess the availability of information relating to emergency preparedness and response. A content analysis of 2590 sheriff’s office website homepages was conducted to determine the presence or absence of nine communications elements important to people seeking information during an emergency or disaster. We found that 71.9% of sheriff’s office website homepages include links to agency services and programs, but only 6.5% provide links to emergency preparedness information. The findings of the study are useful to assess emergency preparedness and the amount of response information available, as well as to identify opportunities to improve sheriff’s office website homepages.     

A Web-based Decision Support System for Divorce Lawyers

This paper discusses the design and development of a prototype web based expert system for calculating financial provision awards when a couple divorce in Scotland. The function of the system is primarily to help trainee lawyers to understand the structure and content of the matrimonial property and divorce domain, and to access case law available on the web in a systematic fashion. The system currently focuses on evaluating what property belonging to the parties should be included in "matrimonial property". We felt that an expert systems approach was appropriate for the domain of financial provision on divorce, since the modelling and application of expertise by an expert system is thought to be helpful in promoting "active learning". An e-commerce style interface was used for gathering information, and the complete text of the Family Law (Scotland) 1985 is also available in the system, often with hyperlinks to the main narrative body of the system. The system is designed to support an advisory, negotiating or mediatory role, rather than an adversarial one, since Scottish solicitors have a preference for seeking consensual negotiated settlements. A practical and useful future extension to the system would be to permit the drafting of electronic documents resulting from negotiated settlements, such as minutes or joint minutes of agreement.     

细事细治 ——基层网格化中的科层化精细治理与社会修复

【问题】国家治理体系的落地需要微观治理机制的完善。网格化是近些年发展出的一种重要基层治理机制。然而,谁在治理,怎样治理,治理什么?网格化治理体现了什么样的治理逻辑,又有何种后果?这些问题在文献中并没有系统答案。【方法】本文从治理主体、治理方式、治理内容三个角度,采取内容分析法,对广州市某区2013年1-3月网格化服务管理信息系统登记的2091起事件进行研究。【发现】首先,科层化精细治理:网格化服务管理通过设置网格和购买网格员服务的方式,使得国家科层制组织体系延伸到比社区还要微观的基层社会领域,直接处理日常社会中的“细事”。其次,社会修复效应:网格化服务管理是在社会的日常自我修复能力不足的情况下,国家改革基层以“官进民退”促进基层社会修复的一项制度安排。因此,抑制国家权力过度介入基层日常社会事务需要社会自身提升“日常社会修复”能力。【贡献】本文尝试立足基层治理内容探究国家治理与社会发展的逻辑,以“治理什么”视角拓展国家治理研究视域,以“社会修复”范畴丰富“社会秩序何以可能”问题的研究范式。     

Validation of the technology acceptance model for police

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) developed by Davis (1989) was used to develop a basic theoretical model that would explain why patrol officers embraced or rejected new computer technology. Davis identified two factors of technology acceptance: ease of use and usefulness. Items representing each factor were generated in focus groups with patrol officers, and subject matter experts (SMEs) provided evidence of content validity. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to assess the construct factorial validity of the factor structure. The two-factor model hypothesized by Davis (1989) was not supported. The EFA, however, identified a four-factor model that indicated a good fit to the data. The four factors were labeled as ease of use, usefulness, information quality, and timeliness. The findings suggested that the new factors of information quality and timeliness were the most important components of technology acceptance by patrol officers. Policy implications and future research directions are discussed.     

论证券法上的“中国墙”制度

"中国墙"是英美等国证券制度中的一个特定术语,它是指综合性券商将其内部可能发生利益冲突的各项职能相互隔离,以防止敏感信息在这些职能部门之间相互流动所做的一种制度。本文概述了中国墙的起源、该制度在美国法和英国法上的体现"中国墙"的内容。在此基础上,笔者提出了重构"中国墙"的建议。