从"宽严相济"刑事政策看走私罪的法律修正

走私罪是我国"宽严相济"刑事政策中"严"的对象,在立法和司法上具体体现为通过增大走私犯罪对象扩大走私罪的犯罪圈,<刑法修正案(七)>(草案)增加走私国家禁止进出口的其他货物、物品的犯罪,将走私罪的对象进一步扩大化,这种立法方式模糊了走私罪以犯罪对象来立法的标准,值得重新审视.建议按照类型化立法方式分别设立走私应税货物物品罪、走私限制进出境货物物品罪和走私禁止进出境货物物品罪.同时,在司法中充分体现对走私罪的"严中有宽".     

走私普通货物、物品罪若干问题之探讨

走私普通货物、物品罪 ,是指违反海关法规 ,逃避海关监管 ,运输、携带、邮寄除武器、弹药、核材料、假币、贵重金属、珍贵动物及其制品、珍稀植物及其制品、淫秽物品以外的货物、物品进出境 ,偷逃应缴税额 5万元以上的行为。要正确认定本罪 ,必须分清走私普通货物、物品罪与非罪、此罪与彼罪、一罪与数罪、共犯与非共犯等界限。关于走私普通货物、物品罪的处罚 ,应着重研究“多次走私未经处理”以及《刑法》第 1 57条第 1款的适用这两个问题。     

略论我国刑法中走私犯罪的对象问题

我国刑法对走私犯罪分成不同的罪名,主要是犯罪对象有别,犯罪对象是我国刑法中走私犯罪划分罪名的标准,根据我国刑法的规定,走私犯罪的对象分类有十二种,即武器、弹药,核材料,伪造的货币,国家禁止出口的文物,贵重金属,珍贵动物及其制品,珍稀植物及其制品,淫秽制品,毒品,制毒物品,普通货物、物品和废物。     

走私犯罪的立法现状与司法困境

从目前打击走私犯罪的司法实践来看,我国刑法关于走私犯罪的规定存在诸多不尽完善之处,表现为体例上的不统一、罪刑设置模式的不完善、刑罚配置的不均衡和犯罪构成设计上的疏漏.立法缺陷直接影响司法运作,导致违法不能究、有罪不能罚、罚无适当罪等现象的存在.因此,为避免司法解释越权,通过立法手段解决立法疏漏,促进司法有效运作,保证刑法功能的良好实现,已势在必然.     

绕关走私犯罪侦查方法

绕关走私犯罪是指未经国务院或国务院授权的机关批准, 从未设立海关的地点,运输携带国际禁止进出境的物品、限制进出境的货物及物品或依法应当缴纳税款的货物、物品进出境,需要追究刑事责任的行为。绕关走私可以分为两种情况: 一是外轮、沿海运输船、来往港澳小型船舶、“三无”船舶、渔船等,运输国家禁止、限制或应税货物、物品进境,在非设关地点偷卸;二是利用边境陆路接壤地带或界河、界湖等天然     

走私情节与走私犯罪

按照《中华人民共和国刑法》一百一十六条规定,走私罪构成的客观方面必须是具有违反海关法规、逃避海关监管的走私行为,而走私行为中只有“情节严重的”才能构成走私罪。因此,研究并弄清楚走私情节,对于划清走私与非走私、罪与非罪界限,准确地定罪量刑,有力地打击走私犯罪活动,保卫国家主权,保障国家利益不受侵害,保卫社会主义经济建设,都有重要的意义。一、所有逃避海关监管的行为是否都是走私行为?这是涉及如何理解走私概念,如何区别走私行为与非走私行为的标准问题。有的人认为:“区分是否是走私,主要以有无逃避海关监管行为为准。”这种意见,实际是把逃避海关的所有行为都视为走私行为。     

浅谈走私行为与走私罪的认定界限

罪与非罪的界限是走私犯罪侦查机构受案、立案的根本标准,从现行法律和司法解释来看,区分走私普通货物、物品罪与一般走私行为的关键在于走私行为所造成的偷逃国家应缴税额的大小,也就是从所偷逃税额的数量来衡量是否构成犯罪。走私普通货物、物品必须是偷逃应缴税额达到五万元人民币以上的才追究刑事责任,不足五万元的则作为走私行为按《海关法》有关规定作行政处理。但是,由于我国进出境管理及其活动的具体原因,使我们在实践中又会遇到很多始料未及的情况,而这对正确界定和区分罪与非罪的界限,是一个不容回避的问题。     

海峡两岸侵害商标犯罪立法之比较

侵害商标的犯罪及其惩处,大陆和台湾刑法中均有规定。但由于两岸社会政治、经济和法律文化等方面的差异,两岸刑法中关于侵害商标犯罪的规定有同有异。比较其异同尤其是其差异,明确二者之优劣,对于完善大陆刑法中惩治侵害商标犯罪的规定,促进大陆市场经济的迅速健康发展,保护已注册商标所有者和广大消费者的利益,具有重要的意义。 一、罪名的比较 (一)两岸侵害商标犯罪的立法概览     

中外走私犯罪立法比较分析

走私犯罪直接危及国家政治、经济安全,对国家危害极大,因此各国一般作为重大犯罪予以规定。走私犯罪立法的科学性对打击走私犯罪起到非常重要作用。我国目前对走私犯罪的立法还不完善,要通过研究国外走私犯罪的立法,借鉴其科学、先进的东西,促进我国走私犯罪立法的完善。     

走私犯罪未遂犯与既遂犯的再辨析

走私犯罪分子已经着手实行走私犯罪,由于其意志以外的原因而未能达到走私罪既遂的系走私罪未遂犯。走私犯罪作为行为犯,其既遂犯是指走私犯罪行为人在走私犯罪意思的支配下所实施的走私犯罪行为,已经具备了刑法分则所规定的走私犯罪构成全部要件。走私犯罪既遂、未遂的判断应当紧密结合海关监管业务展开,具体可以区分进出境通关走私和绕关走私进行判断。     

论走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪的立法完善

刑法第347条规定的走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪〔1〕是司法实践中最常见的毒品犯罪。然而就立法而言,本罪并非完美无缺。本罪在罪名、立法模式以及刑罚等方面存在缺陷,需要对其进行完善,建立较为合理的犯罪体系,以利更公正、准确的打击此种犯罪。     

浅论走私贩卖易制毒化学品案件的特点及侦查

随着世界毒品问题的泛滥和化学合成毒品的扩张,受高额利润的诱惑,走私、贩卖易制毒化学品的活动剧增。易制毒化学品流入非法渠道以及贩卖、走私出境用于生产、加工毒品现象日益严重。易制毒化学品犯罪的主要特点是品种多、数量大,主体复杂,隐蔽性强,境内外毒贩相互勾结、结伙作案。执法机关必须充分认识非法走私、贩卖易制毒化学品活动的危害性,积极主动地进行公开查缉、海关实行有效的监督管理、科学地组织实施控制下交付、实行案件倒查、即时讯问犯罪嫌疑人,及时、有效地打击、制止犯罪。     

Organizing cigarette smuggling and policy making, ending up in smoke

The smuggling of taxed goods, like tobacco or alcohol, has always been a lucrative cross-border crime business. The very high excises for tobacco in the United Kingdom since the 1990's has stimulated the already existing cigarette smuggling from the continent, particularly from Eastern Europe. The analysis of the investigations carried out by the Dutch customs showed that the Netherlands function as a gateway from the continent to the United Kingdom. However, part of the contraband remains in the Netherlands and is sold on the black market. The crime-entrepreneurs operating on this market rarely have a criminal background or connections with other contraband markets like drugs. Despite that while trading they developed crime-organisations, which again underlines the dynamic dimension of ``organising crime.' Some international wholesalers developed extensive organised crime-networks. Two criminal trading patterns could be discerned: a Northern European ``trade belt,' stretching from the Baltic to the British isles and a Southern one, in which the Iberian peninsula and Italy are more prominent. This indicates that this form of crosse-border crime should be addressed from the perspective of economic ``crime-regions.'     

非法利用信息网络罪的兜底性规定及其教义学限缩

非法利用信息网络罪有“兜底性罪名”的趋向。非法利用信息网络罪的兜底性规定既包括兜底性行为内容,也涉及兜底性行为对象。界定该罪的兜底性规定,不能基于存在列举性规定便适用同类解释规则。针对兜底性规定冲击罪刑规范的明确性、导致处罚边界扩张的问题,有必要在厘定保护法益、考虑关联因素的条件下确立目的性限缩标准。兜底性行为内容是除列举性行为内容以外的构成要件层面的犯罪,兜底性行为对象仅限于刑法调整范围内除毒品、枪支、淫秽物品以外国家规定禁止或限制制作、销售、持有的物品。     

货物调包类财产犯罪案件的教义学分析

针对货车司机将运输中的货物非法占为己有,再用次品或废品补足重量,冒充原货物交付收货方的行为的定性,其前阶段调包行为根据运输中的货物的占有归属,可能构成盗窃罪、侵占罪或职务侵占罪,其后阶段交货行为构成针对财产性利益的诈骗罪,该两阶段行为按照吸收犯处理。在财产损失的认定上,宜采取整体财产说的立场,在满足一些特殊条件的情况下,犯罪数额可以扣减次品价值。如果收购原货物的人与司机有共谋,对调包行为的完成起到一定作用的,收购人与司机成立共同犯罪,即使数名司机彼此之间没有共谋,收购人的涉案数额也应累积计算。验货人员与司机勾结,明知是不合格的次品而予以签收的行为,不构成职务侵占罪的正犯。     

行政刑法视角下行政犯探究——从长春市一则案例引出

行政犯罪作为犯罪的一种,同时也是一种行政违法行为,具有双重违法性。为有效地惩处行政犯罪,其惩罚机制也有其特殊性。我国目前针对行政犯采用的是一种依附性的立法模式,就是有关于行政犯的基本罪状和法定刑都是在刑法典或刑法单行法规中规定的,只是在处罚罚则中对追究刑事责任做出笼统的宣告式表述,这种模式下激发成文法体制下刑法条文的机械化与行政法规灵活性之间的矛盾。针对我国的实际情况,笔者提出独立性的散在型立法方式,即坚持刑法典总则的原则性指导,在行政法律中设置具有独立罪名和法定刑的法律规范。这样有关行政犯的规定就可以不依附于任何其他的法律,直接依据该法规认定行政犯具体罪行的内容,有利于保持刑法相对稳定性的同时兼顾社会生活的发展与变化。     

Organized contraband smuggling and its enforcement in Canada: An assessment of the anti-smuggling initiative

This article provides an overview of contemporary cigarette and liquor smuggling affecting Canada and summarizes the results of research that evaluates a Federal enforcement program in this country entitled the Anti-Smuggling Initiative (ASI). To combat the escalation and increased organization of cigarette smuggling, the Canadian Government provided special funding to federal enforcement and prosecution agencies beginning in 1994. The program evaluation concluded that there was a substantial decrease in the contraband tobacco market as a result of the ASI initiatives; however, evidence suggests that reductions in Canadian cigarette taxes made during the same period were the most powerful policy tool in influencing cigarette smuggling. While the ASI laid the foundation for success in dismantling some of the largest known tobacco and liquor smuggling operations in Canada, it does not appear to have had a strong deterrent effect on organized smuggling in general. Instead, the impact on smuggling groups can more accurately be characterized as one of displacement. Indeed, history shows that early successes in organized crime enforcement are often followed by diminishing returns as criminal groups become more adaptive and sophisticated. This research concludes that to most effectively address the smuggling of legal goods, enforcement must be supplemented with taxation policies that reduce the financial viability and attractiveness of this trade.     

The Scope of Serious Crime and Preventive Justice

I first offer an account of serious crime that goes beyond victimizing crimes committed by individuals against other individuals. This approach extends the well-known framework offered by von Hirsch and Jareborg to include crimes undermining welfare-producing institutions. I then consider how the seriousness of crime justifies preventive measures, including the criminalization of acts preparatory to the commission of serious crime. I shall defend preventive measures, including highly intrusive ones, for the most serious crimes, such as terrorism in the form of mass killing, but I shall take issue with very expansive conceptions of serious crime that include what are intuitively much less serious offenses than terrorism or murder. In England and Wales, the Serious Crime Act (2007) lists relevant types of serious crime in its Schedule 1. This and other pieces of serious crime legislation in the UK are discussed critically.     

Smoking Guns: European Cigarette Smuggling in the 1990’s

This article concerns European cigarette smuggling over the past decade and examines the actors, structures and relationships which facilitated the illicit trade. It discusses the central role played by actors not traditionally associated with organised crime, such as multi-national tobacco companies, Swiss banks and the state security agencies of various Balkan states. It demonstrates how domestic legislation in Switzerland and instability in the Balkans prevented national law enforcement agencies from effectively dealing with this international network at an earlier stage. The article also focuses on the history of local and national law enforcement investigations as well as the integrated multi-national investigation project later initiated by the EU and member states. The article's conclusions suggest that while smuggling actors have successfully adapted to the process of globalisation – financial and state deregulation – law enforcement agencies remain at a disadvantage as they are hampered by the domestic legislation in nation states such as Switzerland and the United States. While cigarette smuggling was and is a major illicit industry, it has not been the subject of much academic scrutiny. This article, based on field research in the Balkans and EU member states aims to contribute to a broader understanding of a problem involving a multiplicity of criminal actors, states and law enforcement agencies.