对指甲进行STR检测的可行性

STR(短串联重复序列)是人类基因组中具有高度多态性的遗传标记,它以3～7个bp为基本单元,在同一位点上因重复数的不同而形成不同的等位基因,STR位点因其序列短,扩增成功率高,对降解及微量检材具有特殊价值,因而在法医检验上得到了广泛应用。目前,大部分人体生物样品可通过消化的方式裂解细胞以获取足够量的模板DNA进行STR分型,指甲等硬组织核DNA提取相对困难,没有现成的方法或试剂盒。作者参照Kane等人报道的方法[1,2],通过高浓度的DTT打开角化蛋白中的二硫键使PK得以对指甲进行消化,从而获得核DNA,得到了令人满意的STR分型结果。…     

微量DNA的短串联重复序列分型可行性

目的了解微量DNA分型的法医学应用的可行性。方法一系列浓度的DNA模板用PowerPlexTM16System试剂盒扩增,并用ABI377DNA测序仪进行短串联重复序列(STR)的分型。结果当模板量小于250pg时,部分位点发生了等位基因漏扩,并出现非特异带、杂合子扩增不平衡等干扰分型的杂峰。结论上述这些不正常的现象可能会导致分型错误。在对微量检材的DNA检验结果进行判型时一定要小心谨慎,全面考虑。     

短串联重复分型异常

短串联重复序列(STR)已被广泛应用于法医学的个体识别和亲子鉴定中。大多数情况下,STR的分型均得到了准确、可靠的结果,但是在应用中也发现了一些异常的分型现象。引起这些异常现象原因很多,有DNA的遗传性变异、DNA模板质量不好、分型试剂或方法的不同、PCR反应中非特异性反应以及异常的电泳行为等。这些异常的结果会干扰STR分型结果的解析。     

STR系统HUMCSF1PO-HUMTPOX-HUMTH01三位点复合扩增在上海地区的频率分布

STR（ShortTandemRepeat）短串联重复序列多态性又称微卫星（Microsatellite）DNA多态性，通常由某个位点3～7个碱基对的重复数目差异构成，用PCR方法扩增STR位点的技术为个体识别提供了又一有效方法。由于STR片段相对较短（＜500bp），更适用于法医实践中已降解的DNA样品的需要；由于多个STR位点可以复合扩增，又较符合法医检案中DNA样品通常是很微量的实际，因此该技术已广泛地受到法医界的关注。国外已有对HUMTH01、HUMvWA、HUMF13A1、HUMFES等位点的研究报道，国内也已开始了一些工作。我们参照美国Promega公司的方…     

单核苷酸多态性与DNA芯片技术在法医学中的应用

８０年代中期,Jeffreys建立的DNA指纹技术是法医学DNA分型的里程碑。针对人类基因组小卫星VNTR位点靶序列作RFLP分析,获得高度个体特异性DNA指纹图,使法医学第一次能够作出认定同一性,认定亲生关系的鉴定结论。此为第一代法医DNA分型技术。８０年代后期,Mullis建立PCR技术,以基因组内STR位点多态性位点为靶序列作PCR扩增,利用电泳分离,分析STR位点多态性。PCR－STR分型结合了PCR高效扩增和STR位点高度多态性的特点,成功地解决了检测灵敏度问题,采用复合扩增多STR位点的办法,鉴别能力达到或接近DNA指纹水平…     

河南汉族群体D4Satt、D5Saat miniSTR基因座遗传多态性

在法医学实践中,严重降解或者微量的生物检材采用STR分型,结果常不理想,而miniSTR技术是有效的一种检测方法[1]。本文从人类基因组DNA序列中查找并对D4Satt、D5Saat2个miniSTR基因座进行分型检测,希望可在日常法医学鉴定中作为核心STR基因座的补充[2]。1材料与方法1.1样本和DNA的提取134例河南汉族健康无关个体枸橼酸钠抗凝血样取自郑州市中心血站。采用酚-氯仿法提取DNA。1.2引物设计从GeneBank上下载4、5号染色体DNA序列,用Tandem repeats finder软件在距常用STR基因座较远的区域(50Mb以外)查找重复单位为3bp,连续重复12次以上的STR基因座。用Primer3软件设计引物,使扩增片段在150bp以内。引物由上海生工生物工程技术服务公司合成(表1)。1.3 PCR扩增及产物检测PCR扩增体系总体积20μL,包括1ng模板DNA,10×Buffer(含Mg2+1.5mmol/L)2μL,10mmol/LdNTPs 0.4μL,100μmol/L正反向引物各0.1μL,Taq表1 2个MiniSTR基因座一般信息基因座引物序列(5′-3′)重复区结...     

微量DNA:容易忽略的生物物证

PCR技术的出现,大大提高了法医DNA分析技术的灵敏度,尤其是STR复合扩增技术的应用,不仅如同DNA指纹技术一样能够进行同一认定,而且使其灵敏度达到了纳克级以下的水平,大大提高了其解决微量、降解DNA的分析能力.Findlay等[1]成功地分析了低至单个细胞水平的模板DNA;Van Hoofstat等[2]利用DNA技术分析现场遗留指纹进行检验;Barbaro等[3]利用DNA技术对毛干进行检验;Schmerer等[4]和Burger等[5]分别用60和50个循环分析古代骨骼DNA;Van Oorschot和Jones[6]利用PCR检验,从电话话筒、钢笔、手提箱把手等提取的检材样品中得到DNA分型;Wickenheiser[7]从被盗汽车的方向盘上提取DNA进行STR分型,从而认定罪犯.以上研究报道的结果表明,现有的DNA技术能够对微量DNA进行检验.     

多重置换扩增技术用于法医学微量DNA检测效果

目的探讨多重置换扩增(MDA)技术对法医学微量DNA样品STR检测分型的效果。方法用MDA技术对不同模板量DNA进行全基因组扩增(WGA),扩增产物用实时荧光定量PCR技术定量、用Profiler PlusTM试剂盒检测基因型。结果该方法可对模板DNA增加104～106倍。1ng样品DNA的MDA产物可获得9个STR基因座和Amelogenin性别基因座的准确分型结果;低于0.1ng的样品DNA经MDA扩增后,基因座检出数增加,但可见等位基因不平衡或丢失现象。结论MDA技术可有效增加DNA模板量和提高微量DNA分型效果。但样品DNA量低于0.1ng时,MDA产物的STR分型结果判读须慎重。     

多重置换扩增技术用于法医学微量DNA检测效果

目的探讨多重置换扩增（MDA）技术对法医学微量DNA样品STR检测分型的效果。方法用MDA技术对不同模板量DNA进行全基因组扩增（WGA）．扩增产物用实时荧光定量PCR技术定量、用Prrfiler Plus^TM试剂盒检测基因型。结果该方法可对模板DNA增加10^4～10^6倍。1ng样品DNA的MDA产物可获得9个STR基因座和Amelogenin性别基因座的准确分型结果；低于0．1ng的样品DNA经MDA扩增后，基因座检出数增加。但可见等位基因不平衡或丢失现象。结论MDA技术可有效增加DNA模板量和提高微量DNA分型效果。但样品DNA量低于0．1ng时，MDA产物的STR分型结果判读须慎重。     

MiniFiler试剂盒运用于法医微量物证的检验

目的应用MiniFiler试剂盒对法医微量物证进行DNA分析。方法采用MiniFiler试剂盒对样本进行DNA分型,确定样本9个STR基因座的等位基因型。结果10pg DNA模板经MiniFiler试剂盒扩增后,能够进行DNA分型,但40pg以上的DNA方可得到稳定可靠的分型结果。结论MiniFiler试剂盒可以用于法医微量物证的STR分析。     

Comparison of two whole genome amplification methods for STR genotyping of LCN and degraded DNA samples

The analysis of LCN or highly degraded DNA samples presents a challenge for forensic science. Improving the quantity and/or quality of samples would greatly increase the profiling success rate from LCN and degraded samples. Whole genome amplification (WGA) is one method that has such potential. Two commercially available WGA kits, GenomePlex and GenomiPhi, were investigated for use on LCN and degraded DNA samples. Both kits amplified genomic DNA, producing microgram quantities from sub-nanogram templates. Profiling success of LCN DNA samples was increased, with improvements of over 700% from 10pg template DNA compared to non-WGA-amplified control samples. The amplification success with degraded DNA was also improved by WGA. Degraded DNA was simulated using restriction enzymes to demonstrate that the application of WGA can result in the typing of STR loci that could not previously be amplified. An increase in artefacts, such as stutter alleles and amplification biases, were observed in many samples. Results show that WGA is capable of increasing both the quality and quantity of DNA, and has the potential to improve profiling success from difficult samples in forensic casework.     

STR analysis of degraded DNA using a miniplex

Analysis of short tandem repeat (STR) markers currently represents the most useful instrument in the field of forensic genetics. The problem with forensic material is the degradation of the sample material. In recent years, several papers have demonstrated that short amplicon STR (miniSTR) represents one of the most useful tools for analyzing degraded DNA samples.In the present study, we attempted to develop a short amplicon STR multiplex system (autosomal and y-chromosomal) for analyzing degraded DNA using some newly designed primer sets for a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems for typing.An assay of degraded DNA samples using the designed multiplex systems, including artificially degraded samples and degraded forensic casework samples, proved remarkably effective. Comparing the multiplex with commercial kits, first results show a well success rate.     

The effect of freezing,thawing and long-term storage on forensic DNA extracts

Following forensic DNA profiling (extraction, quantification and STR typing) the remaining extract is generally stored frozen. Our routine at the Swedish National Forensic Centre is to immediately after analysis freeze the sample. If a subsequent reanalysis is needed the sample is thawed and then refrozen. In this study the effects of freezing and thawing as well as long-term storage of DNA extracts in refrigerator or freezer have been investigated. The following sample types were extracted: two levels of blood and saliva, saliva on cigarette filter paper, saliva on cotton swabs and a combination of saliva and semen to mimic samples from sexual assaults. All extraction methods used were Chelex-based, DNA quantification was performed using PowerQuant System and STR profiling with PowerPlex ESX 16 Fast System. The study was divided into three parts: 1) freezing and thawing the extracts up to ten times, 2) storage in refrigerator or freezer up to four weeks and 3) long-term storage in refrigerator or freezer for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 35 months. Generally, the quantification and STR typing results show no indication of degradation after repeated freezing and thawing or long-term storage in refrigerator or freezer.     

A more efficient extraction method of human bone resulting in improved DNA profiling

Eight human bone samples, from a forensic case, were extracted in parallel using our standard protocol with and without PTB in the buffer. Both methods were sometimes inadequate for (complete) STR profiling, while the presence of PTB even decreases the DNA yield.The complete decalcification of the bone extraction residues in an EDTA-solution with SDS recovered sufficient amounts of DNA, which resulted in complete STR profiling for all samples. Complete decalcification without SDS yielded even higher amounts of DNA and also complete STR profiling for all samples.Similar results were obtained for the DNA extraction from a human tooth.     

混合斑的DNA分型解析

综述了常染色体STR、Amelogenin、Y染色体STR、线粒体DNA和单核苷酸多态性等DNA检测方法在解释混合斑检验结果应用中的进展。对混合斑的统计学方法也作了总结。     

Validation studies of the ParaDNA® Intelligence System with artificial evidence items

Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is one of the mostly used systems for forensic applications. In certain circumstances, STR profiling is time-consuming and costly, which potentially leads to delays in criminal investigations. LGC (Laboratory of the Government Chemist, UK) Forensics has developed a robust STR profiling platform called the ParaDNA^® Intelligence Test System which can provide early tactical intelligence and aid investigators in making informed decisions on sample prioritization for detection. Here, we validated the ParaDNA intelligence test for its application in forensic cases using a range of mock evidence items following guidelines set by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). Specifically, we tested the sensitivity and accuracy of the ParaDNA intelligence test, as well as the success rates for detecting mock samples and for use in case scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that the ParaDNA intelligence test generates useful DNA profiles, especially for samples such as blood, saliva, and semen that contain ample DNA, indicating the benefits of including ParaDNA as a prior step in forensic STR profiling pipelines.     

Development of two new Mini-STR multiplex assay for typing archival Bouin's fluid-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues

Short amplicon autosomal short tandem repeat (Mini-STR) assay has proved to be a highly useful tool in forensic applications, especially for highly degraded DNA samples that typically result in partial profiles and total loss of information from regular STR amplicons.In this study two new quadruplex systems were designed to get nuclear DNA profile from degraded forensic casework samples. In order to obtain PCR products less than 120 bp in size, primer pairs of eight STR markers, included in available commercially multiplex PCR kits, were redesigned and assembled in two PCR-multiplexes: D8S1179, D3S1358, TPOX, D16S539 and CSF1P0, TH01, D13S317, D5S818.After validation, these two Mini-STR quadruplex were employed in paternity testing case that involved DNA extraction from archival postmortem Bouin's fluid-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue where commercial kit yielded low success. The results obtained with the present Mini-STR PCR-multiplexes proved clearly demonstrating their usefulness in analyzing degraded DNA samples.     

Case report: Identification of skeletal remains using short-amplicon marker analysis of severely degraded DNA extracted from a decomposed and charred femur

Applying two extraction protocols to isolate DNA from a charred femur recovered after a major forest fire, a range of established and recently developed forensic marker sets that included mini-STRs and SNPs were used to type the sample and confirm identity by comparison to a claimed daughter of the deceased. Identification of the remains suggested that the individual had been dead for 10 years and the DNA was therefore likely to be severely degraded from the combined effects of decomposition and exposure to very high temperatures. We used new marker sets specifically developed to analyze degraded DNA comprising both reduced-length amplicon STR sets and autosomal SNP multiplexes, giving an opportunity to assess the ability of each approach to successfully type highly degraded material from a challenging case. The results also suggest a modified ancient DNA extraction procedure offers improved typing success from degraded skeletal material.