死后人工生殖的民法问题研究——兼谈台湾地区人工生殖立法新趋向

死后人工生殖打破知情同意法则,违反人工生殖目的,危及子女最佳利益.未来人工生殖立法应在满足生育自由的同时,尊重人性尊严,关怀后代福祗.建议严禁死后取精,严禁死后人工生殖.     

死后人工生殖之禁制与开放——以德国及台湾地区的裁判为中心

死后人工生殖的禁制与开放，是一个法律疑难问题。德国法上的规范重点在胚胎保护，而非人工生殖技术之管制。在新布兰登堡案中，原告之卵子与其夫之精子已于其夫尚未死亡前即已完成精卵结合，故不在《胚胎保护法》禁止之列。但死后人工生殖，尚待有效管制。我国台湾地区关于死后人工生殖之争议，源起于死者家属死后取精的要求，其首要问题在于死者是否有事前同意。立法机构讨论认为，只有在具备受术夫妻的事前同意，并于配偶一方死亡后设一定期间之犹豫期的条件下，方可有条件地开放死后人工生殖。人工生殖禁制与开放的抉择，应综合考虑和审慎权衡生存配偶的生育权、死亡配偶的同意权和人工生殖子女之利益等。     

论人工生殖子女的法律地位

现代生殖技术的问世大大冲击了人类传统的自然生殖方式,与此同时,也冲击了现代伦理观念,并带来了一系列法律问题。随着人工生殖子女数量的增多,相关法律纠纷也日益增多。因此,本文对于人工生殖的一个基本问题———人工生殖子女的法律地位进行了深入的探讨。着重论述了人工生殖子女的分类,相应的父母子女关系的确定及权利义务关系。同时对代孕母亲所引发的法律问题进行了探讨。     

论人工生殖子女的法律地位

现代生殖技术的问世大大冲击了人类传统的自然生殖方式，与此同时，也冲击了现代伦理观念，并带来了一系列法律问题。随着人工生殖子女数量的增多，相关法律纠纷也日益增多。因此，本文对于人工生殖的一个基本问题——人工生殖子女的法律地位进行了深入的探讨。着重论述了人工生殖子女的分类，相应的父母子女关系的确定及权利义务关系。同时对代孕母亲所引发的法律问题进行了探讨。     

论辅助生殖子女的亲权关系认定

生物基因工程学科的最新发展,为人类福祉的增进,提供无限广阔的前景,人类辅助生殖技术即属其一,它在造福人类的同时,也带来了大量涉及社会、道德、伦理和法律方面的问题。本文通过对自然生殖状态亲子关系的剖析,对照性分析如何认定人工辅助生殖的子女在法律上的地位。     

论辅助生殖子女的亲权关系认定

生物基因工程学科的最新发展，为人类福祉的增进，提供无限广阔的前景，人类辅助生殖技术即属其一，它在造福人类的同时，也带来了大量涉及社会、道德、伦理和法律方面的问题。本文通过对自然生殖状态亲子关系的剖析，对照性分析如何认定人工辅助生殖的子女在法律上的地位。     

浅析人工生殖技术带来的基本法律问题

人工生殖技术的产生无疑是二十世纪造福人类的又一重要技术,但是它的出现给社会伦理和现行法律带来了巨大冲击,也是对法学研究的严峻挑战。我们应当对人工生殖技术带来的法律问题进行深入研究以促使法律体系的更加完善,使人工生殖技术更多的发挥其积极作用,推动人类社会的健康发展。     

浅论人工生殖管理的法律调控原则

浅论人工生殖管理的法律调控原则陈小君，曹诗权人工生殖技术由科学实验走向临床应用，成千上万的人工生殖人口来到人世，这不仅涉及到社会伦理关系，更衍生出一系列有关行政法、亲属法等诸领域的边缘性法律问题。对此，世界上许多发达国家已开展了较深入的研析和立法探索...     

人工生殖模式下亲子法的反思与重建——从英国修订《人类受精与胚胎学法案》谈起

人类辅助生殖技术的突飞猛进造成父母身份的分裂,传统亲子关系认定标准受到挑战,"基因说"、"意思说"和"子女最佳利益说"等新标准的地位逐渐得到提升.英国、美国、德国、以色列等正致力于构建二元生殖模式下亲子关系的规范体系.我国民法典应充分借鉴国外的立法和司法经验,重塑适合我国国情的人工生殖亲子法,明确人工生殖子女的法律地位.     

浅议人工生育子女的法律地位问题

当前,人工辅助生殖技术已被广泛运用,而目前我国法律立法相对滞后。本文从一起人工生育子女继承权纠纷案展开,分析了人工生育子女的概念、种类以及由此所生育子女的法律地位问题。     

STAYIN' ALIVE

This article analyzes the rapidly changing face of postmortem reproductive technology and its impact on the family. Postmortem reproduction is being used more frequently, and its implications for the resulting children's inheritance has sparked worldwide debate. This article provides support for posthumously conceived children's ability to inherit from their deceased parent when certain criteria have been met.     

LIFE AFTER DEATH: THE NEED TO ADDRESS THE LEGAL STATUS OF POSTHUMOUSLY CONCEIVED CHILDREN

The advance of reproductive technology, coupled with a legal system that cannot keep up, has had a detrimental effect on posthumously conceived children. There is controversy over whether a child conceived after the death of one parent, by way of reproductive technology, is considered a child of that parent for inheritance purposes. An overwhelming majority of state legislatures have not given consideration to the unique question that posthumously conceived children pose. Legislative inaction has forced state courts to apply antiquated laws in the midst of a technological revolution. The result: children are being denied inheritance rights to their deceased parent's estate solely because of the way they were conceived. This Note advocates that all children should be given the same rights and benefits regardless of how they are conceived. To accomplish that goal, this Note proposes a model state statute to be adopted in all states. The model statute deems a posthumously conceived child to be the child of his or her deceased parent, and thus entitled to inheritance rights, if 1) the posthumously conceived child was provided for by will, or 2) the deceased parent intended to be a parent; there is a genetic relationship between parent and child; the child is born within three years from the death of his or her deceased parent; and the child's best interest, balanced against the state's interests, exceeds the state's interest. The desired effect of the statute is to put posthumously conceived children on equal footing with naturally conceived children.     

A Memorial for jeremy bentham: memory,fiction, and writing the law

At a moment when the European Union and globalisation are, in their different contexts, bringing systems of traditional law (like the Common Law), whose texts are presented as monuments to historical legal cultures, into confrontation with systems of written law which claim to be rational embodiments of universal principles of liberal justice, how might we remember Jeremy Bentham, the pioneer of the critique of the former in the name of the latter? This essay in ‘law-and-literature’ looks at the relation between memory, fiction and writing in both the Common Law and in the two last projects for which the radical legal positivist sought to be remembered: the Constitutional Code for the Use of All Nations and All Governments Professing Liberal Opinions (1830) and Auto-Icon: Or, Farther Uses of the Dead to the Living (published posthumously in 1842). By examining Bentham’s linguistic theory and practice, the article raises questions about the relations between the ‘law’ of writing and the writing of law.     

论民法的商法化与商法的民法化--兼谈我国民法典编纂的基本理念和思路

传统的民商分立和民商合一都有其历史的局限性,现代各国都在根据自己的国情对传统的民商立法模式进行适当调整.在民商关系的处理上我们应当充分借鉴其他国家的立法经验.我国民法典制定的基本思路是在对传统私法做成功的现代转化的前提下,制定一部民商混合的法典,即在正确界定和承认民法和商法差别的基础上,以商法编的方式对民商法进行统一立法.     

Buy baby: the European Union and regulation of human reproduction

In its decision in ex parte Blood the Court of Appeal relied on European Community (EC) law to hold that the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority had acted unlawfully in taking its decision to prevent Mrs Blood from exporting sperm taken from her dying husband without his written consent. The Blood case raises the issue of the extent to which EC law may affect the regulation of human reproduction in the Member States. Responding to fears that such national regulation might be 'swept away' by the commodifying nature of EC law, this article considers the scope of the potential application of EC law to regulation of human reproduction. The cautious conclusion is that, while there may be some increase in deregulatory pressures, the 'vertical relationship' of supreme EC law to national law may turn out to be less significant than 'horizontal relationships' between policy-makers within and between the EU and its Member States.     

国家法难行之源：国家主义抑或人本主义——从“依法收贷案”切入

以前有关“依法收贷案”的研究文章都认为这里的“法”就是“现行国家法”,但对此案细致分析发现并非如此,而是“王法”即中国传统法。中国国家法自古至今有一种严重的国家主义倾向（而今表现为一种现代化倾向）,缺乏一种现代法律所需要的人本主义精神因素,因此,国家法只得到了国家外部力量的推动,缺乏内部力量的驱动,其社会化动力不足。其社会化程度远低于中国传统的“法”与“德”,最终被“王法”置换,为中国传统的“德”所打败。     

刑事司法国际准则对我国法治建设的价值思考

刑事司法国际准则是联合国及其下属机构为各国刑事诉讼程序所建立的基本权利保障标准,准则产生的理论基础是自然法思想,现实动因是人们对二战的反思以及人权保障运动的国际化。学习、借鉴准则对于我国法治建设具有重大的意义,从宏观层面而言,准则有助于促进我国司法制度的法治化建构;从微观层面而言,准则有助于实现个案的审判正义。     

Medically mediated reproduction: posthumous conception and the best interests of the child

Advances in medical technology have provided the means for posthumous reproduction to become a foreseen and intended event. This "medically mediated", "non coital" form of reproduction raises a number of esoteric legal and ethical issues, and has much to teach us about broader issues of personal autonomy, parenthood, gender relations, family structure and the best interests of the child. In this article the author, drawing on recent Australian jurisprudence, argues that the best interests of the potential child should be the primary consideration in any case involving posthumous conception. Drawing heavily on the normative foundations provided by international law, the author attempts to identify and clarify the interests of the child relevant in the context of posthumous conception. The author concludes that a denial of access to treatment, on the basis that treatment is contrary to the best interests of the child, has no sound basis. The current treatment of the interests of the deceased and surviving partner and the interests of the child as conflicting dichotomies fails to recognise the inherent logic in converging these interests. It is only in stripping away this discriminatory fa?ade that one comes to recognise that the promotion of the rights of the deceased and surviving partner is likely, in many cases, to enhance the best interests of the child.     

Prisoners' Families and the Regulation of Contact

This article explores HM Prison Service policy and the impact of case law on the rights of prisoners to family contact. First, state provision and policy for prisoner-family contact is reviewed and the constraints imposed on contact over the past decade are explored. A number of legal challenges to these constraints have been made recently and, drawing on domestic case law and challenges in the European Court of Human Rights we explore the nature of prisoners' rights of contact in prison. This analysis shows that while fathers' rights for indirect contact are upheld, their rights are not respected as much as those of mothers in cases of direct contact and also that men unable to establish family life have their rights further eroded. Drawing upon empirical research findings as well as case law, the relationship between the Prison Act 1952 and the Children Act 1989 is considered and policy recommendations are put forward.     

无过错付款人对出票伪造的风险责任研究

出票伪造风险负担问题是票据法领域一个很有特色的问题,既与票据法的基本理论密切相关,也具有很强的现实意义。对此问题不同国家有着不同的规定。我国这方面的司法经验与学术研究都较为欠缺,有探讨的必要。