论"法人作品"规定的重构

《著作权法》同时规定了"法人作品"和"特殊职务作品"及其两者不同的著作权归属规则,导致在实践中难以区分这两类作品.因此,应当对"法人作品"的规定进行重构,对其原则适用"委托作品"和"特殊职务作品"的著作权归属规则,并同时规定自然人作者不在作品上署名的情形.     

《著作权法》修改:关键条款的解读与分析(下)

修改后的《著作权法》将视听作品分为"电影作品、电视剧作品及其他视听作品",并分别规定了不同的著作权归属规则,但两类视听作品分类标准不明,且对其他视听作品采用约定优先的著作权归属规则,不利于此类视听作品的许可与传播。当一名合作作者无正当理由反对对合作作品的特定利用时,其他合作作者不能发放专有许可,这可能给合作创作的学术论文和专著的出版带来负面影响。修改后的著作权法将电台、电视台和报刊通讯社员工的职务作品定为特殊职务作品,可能产生其员工离职后无法获得出版其职务作品文集所须授权的问题。新增的有关职务表演的规定合理地解决了长期以来将"演出单位"作为"表演者"的问题。对传播录音制品获酬权的规定并不是法定许可,因为《著作权法》并没有为录音制作者规定除信息网络传播权之外的传播权专有权利。修改后的《著作权法》的一大亮点是将广播组织的转播权以技术中立的方式拓展至网络环境。有关用作者的署名推定权利存在的规定,被诉侵权人应证明其使用涉案作品已获许可的规定,以及法院有权没收和销毁侵权复制品的规定,均直接来源于《中美经济贸易协定》,其中有些仅具有形式意义。修改后的《著作权法》为摄影作品享受新的保护期(作者有生之年加50年)所设定的条件与《世界知识产权组织版权条约》不一致,可能需要再次修改。     

论著作人格权保护在美国的演绎

著作人格权作为一种非财产性权利,是作者享有的基于作品产生的人格利益.著作人格权制度是版权体系和作者权体系的分水岭所在.现行美国《版权法》第106条之2保护“某些作者的署名权及其保护作品完整权”,可是美国真的保护著作人格权吗？最初,美国延续版权体系的传统,无论是在版权法案中还是在司法实践中都不保护著作人格权制度.直到1988年,美国加入《伯尔尼公约》后,为了履行公约义务不得不在其版权法案中加入著作人格权的保护条款,但在司法实践中,美国仍遵循版权是财产权的理念,通过对作者和作品范围严格限定并未真正保护著作人格权.     

论著作权集体管理中的私人自治——兼评我国集体管理制度立法的谬误

在著作权集体管理制度中,保证权利人、集体管理组织与使用者的私人自治,是集体管理得以发挥其制度优势,并在交易成本问题上优于其他类似制度的前提.私人自治的贯彻,既能实现市场供求信息在权利人与集体管理组织之间及时传递,也能保证定价机制随利用方式的变化灵活调整.由于我国集体管理组织由政府主导构建,因而缺乏私人自治存在和适用的土壤,使集体管理组织在运作中引发诸多社会矛盾.只有改变公权力的干预,并通过立法将私人自治体现在集体管理制度中,才能真正实现许可效率与传播效率的协调发展.     

“署名”三辨——兼评“安顺地戏案”等近期案例

作品上的自然人的姓名或组织的名称并非都是《著作权法》意义上的"署名"。"署名"必须针对特定作品表明作者的身份,因此有别于剧种名称,如"安顺地戏"等。根据英美法系国家版权法和《世界版权公约》的规定,"■"标记之后所接的姓名或名称表示的是版权归属,并非表明作者身份的"署名"。而且在版权归属于一个组织的情况下,该组织不可能对作品享有"署名权"。""标记之后所接的姓名或名称表示的则是商标注册人。即使图形商标构成作品,由于存在许可使用的情形,该姓名或名称也并非"署名"。只有作者才享有在作品上"署名"的权利,因此在作品上冒他人之名并非侵犯他人"署名权"的行为。     

Belgian newspapers v Google News: 2-0

Legal context: Belgian copyright law prohibits the reproduction and publishingof works without the permission of its authors. The law, however,organizes a set of exceptions, including the quotation exception,and the news reporting exception. Key issues: Google infringes the rights of the authors by reproducing andpublishing works protected by copyright via both Google Newsand via its cached hyperlinks on www.google.be. Exceptions?The judge has considered that Google does not benefit from anyof the exceptions provided by Belgian law: neither the quotationexception, neither the news reporting exception. Implied licence?Copyright is a right of prior consent of the authors. Googlemay not argue that it acts with the implicit consent of thewebsite publishers by arguing that they could opt out from GoogleNews by the use of technical means. Practical significance: If upheld on appeal, this ruling constitutes a dangerous precedentfor the web actors, for it assumes search engines should explicitlyask prior permission to publish cache content information orexcerpts of articles. It therefore opens the door to furtherlawsuits, especially in Europe. This ruling could have an impactbeyond the internet field and adversely affect similar situations,such as radio press reviews.     

论音乐作品的著作权保护

音乐作品是整个著作权作品体系中十分重要的组成部分,保护音乐作品著作权反映了我国著作权法律制度的发展水平。随着网络技术的飞速发展,音乐作品在国际范围内的交流日益加深,我国的法律制度也应该与国际接轨,因而在音乐作品的保护上建立和完善著作权限制制度和著作权集体管理制度是必然的趋势。本文首先分析了音乐作品的表演权、广播权以及网络传播权三项重要的音乐作品财产权,进而对音乐作品著作权受到侵害的情形进行分析,并提出对策建议,即完善著作权权利限制制度、著作权集体管理制度以及互联网管理制度。     

由一起官司看网络环境下数字作品的著作权保护问题

信息技术的飞速发展,使得网络环境下的数字作品创作和传播方式相对于传统方式发生巨大变化,与之俱来的是数字作品的著作权保护问题形成了对传统著作权的巨大挑战。从一起相关案件入手,分析了产生数字作品著作权问题的原因,并提出网络环境下的数字著作权保护问题应从法律及信息技术两方面寻求解决的出路。     

传媒文化变迁与新闻编辑知识和能力的优化

网络技术的发展促使媒体生态环境和基本格局已经并正在发生重大变化,媒体逐渐走向融合。为了应对竞争,媒体采用了编辑中心制,新闻编辑成为媒体竞争的漩涡中心。目前,中国媒体合格的编辑人才储备还远远不能满足媒体领域的需求,其原因是过去单一媒介模式下的编辑知识结构与能力结构已不能满足媒体融合时代对编辑人才的要求。因此,优化新闻编辑的知识结构和能力结构显得十分重要。     

Legal protection of software—a global view from Japan

An investigation of legal measures for the protection of software reveals a number of important insights into the scope and nature of copyright. Rather than something unique for legal purposes, software and recorded media is actually familiar information. Hence, it is protectible by regular copyright. Regular copyright has two relatively distinct branches, in published and unpublished works. Despite the notion that copyright covers only mode of expression, it is actually applied to protect certain types of information content. As it is so applied, copyright in unpublished works transferred subject to restrictions on the use and disclosure of their information content is equivalent to trade secrecy in the American sense. The nature and scope of copyright is intrinsic and universal wherever it applies. It provides an ideal basis for a much needed international consensus on legal measures for protecting software program interests. It would be needlessly provocative for the USA to attempt to induce Japan or any other country to adopt trade secrecy in the American sense. Japanese support for a new program right as an alternative to copyright probably arose largely out of a lack of understanding of the scope and nature of copyright, especially in unpublished works. As it is applied, copyright generally is unfair competition law in the American sense. Applying it in that light, rather than as traditional copyright, provides wiser treatment of new phenomena that involve software programs, such as copying the structure and format of software programs.     

网络环境中版权和隐私权的冲突与协调

随着版权保护技术措施的实施,尤其通过电子版权管理系统,版权人可以控制个人使用作品的行为,版权人侵入到个人隐私领域成为可能,使版权与隐私权产生冲突。解决冲突的协调方式是在立法上保证版权人和隐私权人的利益的平衡。     

著作权保护期限标准的审视与重构

著作权的两类权利主体(自然人和非自然人)获得保护的正当性理由不同,相应的保护期限也应根据不同的标准确立。回顾著作权法的发展历史,二者没有被清晰区分。以自然人作者保护为前提发展而来的"照顾理论"是大部分国家现行时间标准的正当性理由。信息社会著作权法的保护范围和制度设计都有了深刻变革,要实现公平正义目标,著作财产权的保护期限应当重构:一方面,非自然人权利主体作品不应也不宜直接适用原有根据自然人作者设计的保护期限,而应根据"激励理论"参考专利法确定固定保护期;另一方面,应当审视"照顾理论"在现有背景下的合理性,对自然人作品建议采用原则上以作者生命为限结合最低保护期限的标准。现有保护期限都应缩短,在受国际条约所限该目标短期难以达成的现状下,可以调整著作权保护宽度,采用相对宽松的合理使用制度。     

Defending intellectual property: State efforts to protect creative works

We examine state efforts to protect intellectual property. In particular, we assess two alternative hypotheses relating to these efforts: the intellectual property protection argument, which predicts an increasing amount of law aimed at protecting intellectual property from unauthorized use; and the intellectual property access argument, which predicts little growth in law aimed at protecting intellectual property but considerable growth in law aimed at providing access to it. Focusing on copyright law, we consider legislative action dealing with copyright between 1949 and 1992, efforts to enforce copyright law as a whole between 1955 and 1993, and efforts to enforce copyright law in one sphere between 1985 and 1994. Our analysis provides mixed support for the intellectual property protection argument. Federal legislators increasingly sought to pass laws protecting creative works, and their efforts intensified over the last decade. On the other hand, federal officials were less than aggressive in enforcing the law; although the courts were diligent in processing cases of copyright infringement, officials exhibited diminished initiative in bringing such cases to court. Local officials, however, seemed to become far more active in prosecuting cases.     

单字形体设计的著作权保护

单字形体设计是一种创作,属于美术作品。汉字的基本构造是用来传递信息的,具有实用性。单字的形体设计如果是在汉字基本构造的基础上所做的个性设计,这种设计区别于汉字基本构造传递信息的实用性,在具备原创性的时候,能够获得著作权保护。对单字形体设计赋予著作权保护可能带来的不利后果可以通过完善著作权的权能设置和著作权限制制度加以克服。     

论续写作品的著作权保护

分析了续写作品的特性:对原作品的依附性,包括对原作内容和篇名上的依附性、名气上的依附性;自身的独创性:独创性是其最本质的特征,是续写者独立思考独立创新的结果,续写作品与原作品之间有实质性差异,与原作品是可以分离的。并在此基础上指出,续写作品是对原作品的合理使用,并没有侵犯原作者的著作权,应当受到著作权法的保护。     

论非法经营罪的几个问题

非法经营罪的“其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为”概括抽象，故有人认为该罪已成新的“口袋罪”，应分解或废除。理解此款只要遵循有附属刑法、行政法规、司法解释的明文规定且可追究刑责才纳入的原则，此罪就无侵犯罪刑法定原则之虑；中国现继续深化改革国情决定此罪应有灵活性，没必要分解或废除：修正案（七）颁布后的传销行为不能再定本罪。无经营主体资格出版、印刷、销售他人享有着作权的作品的，其行为既符合本罪又符合侵犯他人着作权罪或销售侵权复制品罪，属于法条竞合犯，应以后者定处。     

Copyright protection for AI-generated outputs: The experience from China

Artificial intelligence (AI) is involved more frequently in the creative process nowadays, which raises debates associated with copyright protection for its outputs across the globe, China included. On 25 April 2019, the Beijing Internet Court released the first decision in relation to the copyrightability of the output automatically generated by computer software in China. In this case, the Beijing Internet Court held that copyrightable works should be created by natural persons, and therefore denied copyright protection for the output intelligently generated by computer software although it possessed originality. In another case decided on 24 December 2019, the Nanshan District Court of Shenzhen approved that the output automatically generated by computer software was copyrightable, holding that the review generated by an intelligent writing software conformed to the formal requirements of written works and it could be granted copyright protection.This article analyses these two cases in detail and describes the experience of China in copyright protection for AI-generated outputs. As the first two cases about copyrightability of AI-generated outputs in China, the two cases play a significant role in future copyright protection of such outputs nationally and internationally. The two cases indicate that some of AI-generated outputs are eligible for copyright protection in China. Instead of challenging the existing doctrines of modern copyright regime, the two decisions provide a mechanism for copyright protection of AI-generated outputs within the current human-centered copyright law realm.     

试析法人作品与职务作品的区分标准

如何区别法人作品与职务作品已成为理论与实务的难点。应从作品所体现的意志加以判定,具体表现在三个方面:作品署名;作品内容;作品的性质与用途。同时,为激发作者的创作热情,保护作者的合法权益,应严格解释法人作品。     

The Representation of Two Competing Visions on the Fundamentals of Copyright: A Content Analysis of Associated Press News Coverage on Copyright, 2004–2009

The importance of the public's understanding of copyright has increased in the digital age, and mainstream media play a significant role in informing the public of copyright law and policy. This study identifies two competing visions on the fundamentals of copyright—the private property vision and the public policy vision—and examines which vision is more predominantly covered by mainstream news media via a quantitative content analysis of Associated Press wire service stories on copyright. The findings suggest that, although the number of sources favoring copyright users’ rights has somewhat increased in the most recent two years, overall the private property vision has been more dominantly covered than the public policy vision in the AP news stories. The study concludes that the mainstream media coverage on copyright needs to move toward a more balanced point where both sides of the debate have an equal chance to present their views.     

孤儿作品法理问题研究——中国视野下的西方经验

随着数字技术和网络技术的发展,传统作品的阅读、发表、传播方式产生巨大变革.与此同时,尚未进入公有领域,而作者信息无法取得的作品大量存在.上述问题引起国际图书馆协会和机构联合会、国际语音协会等NGO的关注,同时欧美国家也针对上述问题进行立法尝试.鉴于我国数字图书馆、文献电子化的蓬勃发展,有必要审视我国著作权法问题,借鉴西方经验,完善著作权法,解决孤儿作品的可及性问题,实现文化繁荣.