房地产诉讼之证明妨碍研究——以《民事证据规定》第75条为中心

证明妨碍与证明责任分配牵连重大。在证明责任分配制度下,当事人对于己方所主张的诉讼请求承担着证据提供义务,否则会产生诉讼不利益的可能。但是,若"事实不清、证据不足"非因证明责任负担方自身的原因,而是由于他人伪造、变造、毁弃、藏匿证据等妨碍行为所致,如依旧由证明责任负担方承担诉讼上的不利益则有违公平正义。而引入证明妨碍规则,明确适用条件,则可抑制法官在证明责任分配规则适用的恣意,清晰自由裁量的限度,进而衡平当事人利益,避免产生新的不公平。     

论民事证明标准与证明评价的互动

证明标准是法官在判断案件事实是否得到证明时所把握的标准,证明评价是法官评价当事人提供的证据资料是否已经达到能够证明其主张的案件事实存在的一种活动.证明标准的设置越科学,法官证明评价的活动会越顺利,反之则越困难,从而拒绝裁判或者绕开证明问题进行裁判的可能性就越大.法官可以通过要.求当事人承担更多的或较少的主观的证明责任,或者通过适用或不适用客观的证明责任规范,来抬高或者降低证明标准.在我国当前的制度环境中,证明标准和证明评价都有着进一步主观化的趋势.     

论证明责任与证明评价的相互制约

证明责任和证明评价这两种证明制度之间存在制约关系。当事人对其主观的证明责任的充分履行,可使法官的证明评价活动更加顺利;而当事人客观的证明责任的承担,则为法官证明评价活动减少负担。当事人对其所主张之事实是否履行了证明责任,是由法官通过证明评价来判断的。     

浅议民事诉讼证明责任的分配

在民事诉讼中,证明责任是民事诉讼的核心,而证明责任的分配则是核心中的核心。证明责任的分配与当事人的程序利益和实体利益密切相关,其分配规则不仅需要一般规则,还需要特殊的补充规则,甚至需要法官的自由裁量。本文主要论述了证明责任分配的相关学说以及我国证明责任分配的原则,最后阐述了法官自由裁量权在民事诉讼证明责任分配中的适用。     

违约金调减权及其行使与证明

《合同法》第114条第2款后段规定:"约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的,当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以适当减少。"这种权利应被定义为违约金调减权,在性质上是一种形成诉权。违约金调减权归属于当事人,并应以诉、反诉或反请求的方式行使,若当事人在一审中没有放弃,二审中仍然有权行使。对违约金调减权的行使进行释明具有合理性,且属于法官可以自由裁量的职权。法官释明时须保持中立、公开并尊重当事人的处分权。法官未释明不构成上诉理由,但过度释明则当事人可申请回避。调减程序中,"违约金过分偏高"的证明责任由违约方负担且不发生转移,但在举证困难的例外情形,法官可通过降低证明标准、询问当事人等方式缓和其证明负担。     

司法认知:证明责任的新视角

证明责任解决的是当事人对哪些事实应当举证证明,否则承担败诉风险.司法认知解决的是哪些事实不需要当事人举证证明,免除当事人的证明责任,而由法官直接确认.在证据法学中,人们往往热衷于从证明对象的角度来把握哪些事实应该由当事人承担证明责任,而鲜有从司法认知的角度来把握证明责任的承担.如果从司法认知的角度来把握证明责任,那么司法认知影响证明责任的分配.但是司法认知只影响主观证明责任的分配,而与客观证明责任没有实质的关联.     

论证据调查与证明责任的关系

证明责任包括主观证明责任和客观证明责任,前者的适用条件是辩论主义和法官阐明义务的行使,后者的适用条件是主要事实真伪不明。证据调查是指法院对证据的取得和审查。从证据调查和主观证明责任的关系方面来说,第一,法院依申请进行的证据调查增强了当事人收集证据的能力,为当事人履行主观证明责任提供了保障。第二,法院对证据的审查减轻了部分当事人的主观证明责任。第三,法院依职权对证据的调取和对证据的审查免除了部分当事人的主观证明责任。从证据调查和客观证明责任的关系来说,第一,法院通过依申请的证据调查和依职权的证据调查,积极帮助当事人完成举证活动,以发现案件真实。第二,在对证据的审查过程中,综合运用多种证据调查方式,如推定、证明妨碍规则、司法知悉等等方式,减少事实真伪不明的情况发生。     

从中大案浅析证明责任与法官自由心证

证明责任的核心是说服责任。尽到说服责任意味着完成了证明责任,否则证明责任的承担者需要承担败诉的风险。在现代的司法实践中,证明责任与法官的自由心证对当事人的胜诉起到至关重要的作用。本文以"中大案"为引子分析证明责任与法官自由心证。     

我国外国法查明新规之检视——评《涉外民事关系法律适用法》第10条

《涉外民事关系法律适用法》在"一般规定"的第10条确立了外国法查明规则,反映了外国法查明问题在国际私法中的基础性地位。第10条区分了两种不同情形下的法官查明模式和当事人查明模式,但法官查明模式实际上成了基本模式。第10条成功消除了之前司法解释在外国法查明责任分配上的不确定和模糊的状态,同时又捍卫了法官对当事人提供的外国法信息的最终决定权。但第10条机械地从法系观念和一般诉讼模式出发,抱持浓厚的立法家父主义心态,违背了我国长期通行的司法实践,而且忽略了法院、仲裁机构和行政机关这三者在查明外国法问题上的根本差异。未来发展应以现实国情为基点,确立当事人查明模式为基本模式,法官应享有自由裁量权,必要时可以主动逾越当事人所提供的外国法的信息范围,并对外国法的内容和解释拥有最终决定权。     

事实推定与证明责任——从“彭宇案”切入

适用证明责任裁判案件是法官面对案件事实真伪不明时的普遍性选择，适用事实推定追求案件事实是法官避免适用证明责任裁判案件的能动性努力；事实推定适用的条件是适用事实推定抑或适用证明责任裁判案件的界限；适用事实推定后，诉讼前分配好的证明责任不会发生转移，但提供证据责任将发生转移。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。