毛发法医学检验的现状与进展

人类毛发和各种动物毛发一样，都是由表皮褪化而来的富有弹性的角质体．毛发可以自然脱落，或由外界因素影响而导致非自然脱落．在凶杀、斗殴、强奸或其它刑事案件中，由于当事人个体之间直接或间接的接触、扭打、摩擦、凶器打击等，可能使罪犯或受害人的毛发遗留在现场，附着在凶器或受害人的衣裤及身体等部位，它具有体积小，难于发现的特点．随着犯罪分子反侦破能力的提高，罪犯作案后采取破坏现场，毁灭物证等手段，使得许多刑事案件的现场有可能没有其它任何物证而仅留下一根或几根毛发，毛发在这类案件的侦察中就显得至关重要，毛发的…     

利用聚乙烯（PE）薄膜提取毛发

随着我国法制的逐渐完善，人们的法律意识普遍增强，同时由于各种因素的影响，犯罪分子的反侦查意识也逐渐增强，此时DNA微量鉴定技术更加显出其不可替代的“杀手锏”作用。正常情况下，由于新陈代谢作用，人体平均每小时至少脱落3根毛发，毛发的脱落很难避免，因此，现场毛发的提取显得更加重要。常用提取毛发的方法无外乎利用放大镜直接观察、打光观察及喷水等方法提取。     

单根毛发DNA分型方法的改进

毛发是法医学常用的检材之一,在凶杀、强奸、盗窃等刑事案件中常常作为重要的物证出现,因而寻求简便快速的方法进行毛发DNA分型,是法医物证检验中的一大任务。本研究建立了一种利用单根毛发进行DNA分型的简单快速方法,介绍如下。1材料与方法1.1样本20名志愿者（男、女各10名,）年龄20-35岁,提供的毛发若干根及血样本。     

人体角化组织DNA的提取及ACTBP2型检出的研究

在法医物证检验中，DNA遗传标记（VN－TR、STR等）的检测成功与否将直接受到由生物检材中提取的DNA质和量的影响。人体的角化组织，特别是指甲和毛发抗腐败能力明显优于其他软组织。在腐败尸体的个人识别检验时，具有重要的意义。本研究就人指甲、毛发、角化上皮组织DNA成分的提取及ACTBPZ型的检出可能性进行了探讨，报告如下。材料及方法1．样品置备指甲5．0ms，角化上皮5．0ms，拔下毛根（1根）0．5cm，自然脱落毛根（1根）0．5cm，毛干2根，各10．0cm。以上样品各备5人份。指甲及角化上皮剪碎，全部样品经无菌水洗净后备检。2．…     

毛发的裂解色谱分析

本文应用不同极性的3条大口径毛细管柱,对13人的毛发进行了裂解色谱分析。结果不同人毛发裂解谱图不同,同一人不同部位及同一根毛发的不同裂解谱图未发现明显差异。该文还对裂解色谱的重现性进行了探讨,建立了毛发的裂解色谱方法。     

PowerPlex21直扩法与磁珠法用于毛发STR检验的比较

目的比较Power Plex21直接扩增法与磁珠提取后扩增法用于带毛囊毛发STR检验的效果。方法带毛囊毛发平均分成2组,每组含拔取毛发20根、自然脱落带毛囊毛发20根,剪取毛囊后1组用Power Plex21试剂盒直接扩增,1组先用磁珠法提取DNA然后扩增Power Plex21试剂盒,扩增产物在3130XL遗传分析仪上进行电泳检测分析。结果拔取毛发直接扩增和磁珠提取后扩增均成功检出全部STR基因型。自然脱落带毛囊毛发直接扩增检出STR基因型的成功率为55%,磁珠提取后扩增检出STR基因型的成功率为25%。结论 Power Plex21直接扩增法比磁珠提取后扩增更适于带毛囊毛发的STR检验。     

染色毛干mtDNA不同提取方法的研究

目的为染色毛发线粒体DNA选择最佳的提取方法。方法在5个染发个体中各取5根头发,采用Chelex-100法、有机法、磁珠法、H2O2结合Chelex-100法及Chelex-100结合M icrocon100法等5种不同的提取方法提取染色毛发m tDNA,利用2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增产物。结果Chelex-100结合M icrocon100方法提取染色毛发扩增m tDNA效果较好,其余方法无扩增产物。毛发的不同部位对扩增结果无影响。结论染色毛发采用恰当的提取方法可以提取到m tDNA模板,为法医日常检案提供帮助。     

毛发中的毒物分析

在毒物分析中，尤其是法医学领域，毛发以其化学性质稳定，容易获得及贮存，不易受外界杂质于扰等优点而颇具研究价值．1954年,Goldblum等首次报道了利用紫外分光光度法检测豚鼠毛发中的巴比妥类含量[1]．近五十年来，毛发中毒物分析越来越受到重视，特别是七十年代末至今，毛发分析技术已基本趋于成熟．本文拟就毛发毒物分析中的毛发处理、检测方法等一些主要问题作一综述．1毒物与毛发的结合机制毛发根部的毛腺体（Follicle）与血液循环沟通，血液中的药（毒）物经血液循环输送到毛腺体，随着时间的推移，毛发成长为毛髓质（medull），外…     

人发中35种元素的堆中子活化法（NAA）

毛发是人体代谢终端之一，它具有摄取、积累，排泄各种元素的机能，毛发中所含的各种元素量，远远超过血、尿中所含的浓度，毛发跟其它提供化验用的检材不同，可长期保存而不丧失其原有特性。本世纪六十年代以后，毛发的研究在国际上引起广泛的兴趣和极大的重视，但人发分析最早受到注意是它在法医学上的应用。     

合成纤维假发检验1例

毛发是犯罪现场常见的生物物证，检验毛发的方法较多，过去常用的有生物化学检验、形态学检验、元素分析等，实际办案中以生物化学方法为主。自从DNA分析技术应用以来，毛发检验主要采用遗传学方法，其它方法的应用越来越少。     

Glyoxalase I typing and phosphoglucomutase-1 subtyping of a single hair

A technique is described for the typing of glyoxalase I (GLO I) and the subtyping of phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM-1) from the root sheath cells of a single forcibly removed hair. This procedure does not require sample preparation and does not alter the morphological characteristics of the hair. The combined discrimination probability (DP) of the two markers taken together is 0.90 for whites and 0.89 for blacks. GLO I can be typed after four weeks, and PGM-1 can be typed after eight to fifteen weeks in hairs maintained at room temperature. Hairs mounted with Permount showed loss of enzyme activity and loss of band sharpness.     

Results of a collaborative study of the EDNAP group regarding mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy and segregation in hair shafts

A collaborative exercise was carried out by the European DNA Profiling Group (EDNAP) in order to evaluate the distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy amongst the hairs of an individual who displays point heteroplasmy in blood and buccal cells. A second aim of the exercise was to study reproducibility of mtDNA sequencing of hairs between laboratories using differing chemistries, further to the first mtDNA reproducibility study carried out by the EDNAP group. Laboratories were asked to type 2 sections from each of 10 hairs, such that each hair was typed by at least two laboratories. Ten laboratories participated in the study, and a total of 55 hairs were typed. The results showed that the C/T point heteroplasmy observed in blood and buccal cells at position 16234 segregated differentially between hairs, such that some hairs showed only C, others only T and the remainder, C/T heteroplasmy at varying ratios. Additionally, differential segregation of heteroplasmic variants was confirmed in independent extracts at positions 16093 and the poly(C) tract at 302-309, whilst a complete A-G transition was confirmed at position 16129 in one hair. Heteroplasmy was observed at position 16195 on both strands of a single extract from one hair segment, but was not observed in the extracts from any other segment of the same hair. Similarly, heteroplasmy at position 16304 was observed on both strands of a single extract from one hair. Additional variants at positions 73, 249 and the HVII poly(C) region were reported by one laboratory; as these were not confirmed in independent extracts, the possibility of contamination cannot be excluded. Additionally, the electrophoresis and detection equipment used by this laboratory was different to those of the other laboratories, and the discrepancies at position 249 and the HVII poly(C) region appear to be due to reading errors that may be associated with this technology. The results, and their implications for forensic mtDNA typing, are discussed in the light of the biology of hair formation.     

Characterization of Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Heteroplasmy in Blood Tissue and Hair as a Function of Hair Morphology*,†,‡

Abstract: This study characterizes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence heteroplasmy in blood tissue and hair as a function of hair morphology. Bloodstains (127 individuals) and head hairs (128 individuals) were typed using the mtDNA LINEAR ARRAY? assay. A total of 1589 hairs were interpreted: 1478 (93%) were homoplasmic and 111 (7%) exhibited heteroplasmy at one or more positions. Seventy‐one percent (82/116) of individuals were homoplasmic, whereas 29% (34/116) exhibited heteroplasmy in at least one hair. The results demonstrate intra‐ and inter‐tissue differences in heteroplasmy within individuals. Sequence heteroplasmy among hairs from each individual varied from 0 to 90%; the frequency does not differ significantly with population group, cosmetic treatment, age, gender, medulla morphology, region of the scalp, hair growth phase, or, when comparing living and deceased donors. However, the results support a correlation between heteroplasmy and hair pigmentation; typically, lighter‐pigmented hairs exhibit a higher incidence of sequence heteroplasmy compared to darker hairs.     

DNA的apoB位点扩增片段长度多态性的检测及其在法医学中的应用

用PCR方法对100例无关个体血样的apoB位点扩增片段进行研究,已发现有11个等位基因,片段长度分布于600～1100bp之间,基因频率为0.005～0.525,杂合度为70％。家系分析及对人体血液、血斑、精液、精斑、混合斑、带毛囊毛发及其它各种有核细胞组织的研究表明,该技术在个人识别及亲子鉴定上均能发挥重要作用。     

Substitution of human for horse urine disproves an accusation of doping*

In order to detect switching and/or manipulation of samples, the owner of a stallion asked our lab to perform a DNA test on a positive doping urine sample. The objective was to compare the urine DNA profile versus blood and hair DNA profiles from the same stallion. At first, 10 microsatellite markers were investigated to determine the horse identity. No results were obtained when horse specific markers were typed in the urine sample. In order to confirm the species origin of this sample we analyzed the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. This analysis from blood and hair samples produced reproducible and clear PCR-RFLP patterns and DNA sequence match with those expected for horse, while the urine sample results were coincident with human. These results allowed us to exclude the urine sample from the questioned stallion and determine its human species origin, confirming the manipulation of urine sample.     

Studies on the frequencies of PGM1, PGM3 and Es-D types from hair roots in Japanese subjects and the determination of these types from old hair roots

The frequencies in Japanese subjects are reported of hair roots type PGM₁, PGM₃ and Es-D, and the determination of these types from old hair roots. The gene frequencies were: PGM₁¹, 0.762; PGM₁², 0.230; PGM₁⁷, 0.008; PGM₃¹, 0.621; PGM₃², 0.379; Es-D¹, 0.625; and Es-D², 0.375. The old hair roots were analysed after storage at 25 °C, 4 °C and ?80 °C; the enzyme activities were detected and typed at 25 °C within PGM₁ 10 days, PGM₃ 4 days, and Es-D 4 days.     

Gm and Km frequencies in West Germans: usefulness of typing Gm(1,2,3,10,21) and Km(1,3) in paternity cases

The immunoglobulin allotypes G1m(1,2,3) and G3m(10,21) were typed in 2855 unrelated West German adult individuals. 1455 individuals were typed for the factors Km(1,3). Phenotype and haplotype frequencies are reported. The usefulness of this routine typing programme in paternity tests is demonstrated in three case reports.     

A possible source of reference DNA from archived treated adhesive lifters

During the course of a double murder trial, it became apparent that the two adhesive lifters from the two cadavers had been mislabeled before being presented in court. The question was raised whether DNA testing from the biological material remaining attached to the lifters could resolve this mix-up. In fatal shooting cases where a bullet has been fired through a body surface, an adhesive lifter is applied directly to the entrance wound. The total nitrite residues, as well as biological material surrounding the wound (blood, hair, tissue) are transferred to the adhesive lifter. The nitrite residues are used for estimating firing distance. In a worst-case scenario, the biological material on the lifter may be the only remaining reference material from a victim. In this paper, we examined whether the biological material retrieved from adhesive lifters could be used for DNA typing after the lifters had been treated for GSR pattern. In as much as the biological material found on the lifters can be typed and profiled following physical and chemical treatment, we submit that archived adhesive lifters can be used as a future source of reference DNA from cadavers where no other sample is available.     

ABO genotyping by polymerase chain reaction.

ABO blood group system's genotyping by polymerase chain reaction in genomic DNA level is developed. The positions of nucleotide 258 and 700 of cDNA from A transferase were used to distinguish A, B, and O alleles by restriction enzyme digestion. To identify the 258th nucleotide, a 199- or 200-bp DNA fragment was amplified by PCR and digested with Kpn I. For the 700th nucleotide, a 128-bp PCR amplified fragment was designed and digested with Alu I. By examining the DNA fragment digested patterns, ABO genotypes were easily determined. Results obtained using this method on 20 ABO-known peripheral blood samples showed that this new technique could provide accurate ABO genotype. Biologic forensic samples, such as, blood stains, saliva stains, semen stains, hair, bone tissue, and semen contaminated with vaginal secretion were also successfully typed. This rapid, sensitive and reliable method should be applicable not only in forensic identification but also in medical examination.     

毛发中GHB的检测及评价

目的探索毛发中外源性GHB的检测及判断的可行性,为涉GHB的鉴定提供方法和依据。方法建立毛发中GHB的GC/MS分析方法,并通过动物实验,考察毛发中内源性GHB的质量分数范围、外源性GHB在毛发中的时间过程以及给药剂量、毛发颜色与毛发中GHB的质量分数关系。结果豚鼠和中国人黑色毛发中内源性GHB质量分数分别为(3.01±1.41)ng/mg(n=28)和(1.02±0.27)ng/mg(n=20);摄GHB后毛发中GHB质量分数明显增加且与给药剂量呈正相关性;GHB在毛干中呈窄带分布;深色毛发中GHB质量分数高于浅色毛发。结论毛发中GHB的检测适用于GHB滥用和中毒的法医毒物学鉴定;根据毛发中的GHB质量分数和毛发分段分析可判断GHB的来源。