公民参与司法:理论、实践及改革——以刑事司法为中心的考察

当前推进公民有序参与司法成为我国司法改革的一项重要内容。相较"依靠群众"原则,"公民参与司法"这一表述更能体现参与主体的广泛性和主动性。公民参与司法具有参与主体的外部性、参与客体的公共性以及参与程度的实质性等特点,并呈现出社会参与、专家参与、由参与审判到参与整个诉讼活动的发展趋势。其功能则体现为协助司法、制约权力、监督权力等方面。公民参与司法对司法公正、司法民主、司法公信力以及司法能力都具有促进作用。推进公民参与司法应当注重参与的规范性与有效性。我国传统的法律制度安排对公民参与司法重视不足,未来应当以参与的规范性与有效性为基点,在侦查、起诉、审判、执行等领域全面推进公民参与,构建有中国特色的公民参与司法制度。     

论群团组织的角色转型——发挥工会、共青团、妇联等群团组织在建构公民社会中的领航作用

目前学术界在研究公民社会的主体时,基本上聚焦于社会团体及民办非企业单位等民间组织,而工会、共青团、妇联等群团组织却被有意无意地忽视了。群团组织作为长期存在的"党联系群众"的重要社会力量,如何在公民社会的兴起与成长过程中主动地、及时地因应调整,重构其角色,使其成为公民社会的领航力量,是一个值得关注的课题。     

中国式的公民会议：浙江温岭民主恳谈会的过程和功能

论文以浙江省温岭市泽国镇2008年公共预算民主恳谈会为案例,从公民会议的角度具体描述了其过程,并分析了其功能与有待完善之处。通过这次民主恳谈会的实验和对其实践的研究分析,论文得出如下基本结论：民主恳谈会是一个保障农村居民的民主决策权、民主管理权和监督权的有效的制度设计;因其公民参与的相对有效性,某种程度上使民意能够被充分吸纳,从而使政府决策的正当性、科学性得以提升;这种中国式的公民会议包含着商议性民主的一些元素,由此表明“商议-合作型治理”模式正在中国地方治理过程中逐步生成;如果能够将民主恳谈会的实践上升到法律层面,将会大大推进中国基层的民主建设和发展。     

我国民间组织的合法性困境及立法思路探讨

民间组织的大规模兴起反映出我国公民社会建设过程中社会领域改革的功能性需求,但现行立法指导思想的偏差和法规体系的严重滞后,不仅制约了民间组织快速、健康发展,难以满足社会对公民结社自由权行使的迫切要求,也导致了民间组织出现严重的合法性困境。解决这一困境,既要明确立法指导思想,解决好立法原则的适时性、稳定性和连续性问题,更要兼顾民间组织培育与社会发展的良性互动关系,尊重民间组织成长的自身规律。     

当下中国的公共领域重建与治理法治化变革

伴随着中国的重大经济成就和政治发展,中国公共领域也开始蓬勃兴起。它促进了从"革命性"向"正当性"的合法化路径转换、多元均衡与协商互动的治理机制形成、公民性品格的塑造和司法民主与司法改革的推进,因而成为当下中国治理法治化的重要动力和支撑。然而,由于诸多复杂因素的影响,它也存在着"两个舆论场"的结构性张力、宏大政治指向与"体制性连带"诉求、理性公民精神明显阙如等中国问题和困境。因此,需要进行公共领域的重建,构建基于"重叠共识"的动态耦合机制、体制内外之间的对流循环机制、司法过程与公共舆论的互动平衡机制等,从而推进治理法治化变革和多元治理秩序的形成。     

论民间组织对反腐败的参与

近年来,以民间组织为基础力量的公民社会在世界反腐败的斗争中发挥了越来越重要的作用,也引起了人们的广泛关注.本文从理论.实践和法律三个角度阐述了民间组织参与反腐的依据,分析了民间组织参与反腐的优越性,并指出了我国民间组织参与反腐存在的法律障碍,以期为完善我国的反肩败制度体系作出新的尝试.     

网络表达的民主考量

网络表达具有增进民主和诱致秩序失范的双重属性。一方面,它具有民主塑造功能,对催生公民意识、拓展民主广度、增进民主深度具有启迪意义;另一方面,网络表达在开启言论自由新时代的同时也创造了一个政府治理缺失的公共空间,产生了一些民主性隐忧,它可能引起公共秩序的紊乱、诱发多数暴政并导致政府在网络语境下的行为失态。为实现网络表达的当下治理进而推进有序民主,加强网民自律和完善网络法治成为必然选择。     

社会转型时期我国信访制度的困境与改革途径

信访是我国社会主义公民政治参与的重要渠道,也是实现和维护公民民主政治权利的具体形式。在我国转型时期,"信访洪峰"的出现已严重影响到社会的稳定,现行的信访制度已经出现了困境,对法治和公民民主权利的维护已显得力不从心。本文从信访制度的功能入手,解读了中国信访制度面临的困境,并寻求其改革出路,以进一步完善我国的民主法治。     

民间上书:特征、类型与功能——对2000年以来重大民间上书事件的分析

作为政治参与的一种独特方式,深具传统色彩的民间上书现象在当今中国的政治生活中仍然引人注目.这种现象在本质上反映了中国公民权利意识、政治参与意识的不断增长,反映了我国政治民主化的现实推进和公民社会的成长.民间上书在主体上是有专业人士和民间组织两类;其内容上,所关注的公共利益范围不断扩大;上书对象主要是全国人大常委会和国务院.民间上书具有政治参与功能、利益表达功能、民主监督功能.     

转型期我国政府形象塑造机制创新研究

政府形象塑造关系到政府的公信力,关系到政府对公众的亲和力与公众对政府的认同度.在传统社会向现代社会、农业社会向工业社会转型的过程中,为应对经常出现的各种突发事件,必须重视政府形象的塑造,保持对公众较强的公信力和凝聚力.也就是说,只有继续深化行政改革,强化政府的治理能力,加快公民社会建设和公民意识的培养,畅通公民参与政治的制度化渠道,才能塑造良好的现代民主政府新形象.     

Rethinking nongovernmental organizations: Neoliberalism, “nonstate” actors,and the politics of recognition in the United States

This article builds on and contributes to the scholarship on social movements and the law by revealing the critical function of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in law and policy in neoliberal times. Building on frame theories in social movement literature, this essay uses the lens of NGO-produced advocacy for binational same-sex couples to consider more broadly the relationship between individual experience, subjectivity, and the discourses and practices employed by NGO actors. It offers an analysis of both how NGOs developed and utilized particular messaging strategies and rhetorical frames to discursively produce a normative image of their constituency, and how constituents navigated and made use of the framing strategies developed by NGOs in their own claims to state rights and recognition. This discussion thus highlights the potentials and the problematics of the NGO model in social movements' efforts toward legal and political change.     

Citizenship and social justice

Discussions on the problems of the welfare state are increasingly framed in terms of citizenship rather than social justice. The popularity of the concept of citizenship raises the question of its implications for social justice theory and research. In this article it is argued that whereas the dominant approach in social justice is essentially individualistic, the concept of citizenship focuses rather on individuals as members of a societal community, from which both rights and obligations are derived. This focus on communal membership suggests three important topics for social justice theory and research: (i) the need to distinguish between a civic and a justice motive for human behavior, (ii) the need to specify the frame of reference respondents should use when they make their justice judgments, and (iii) the need to recognize the fact that justice judgments may result from both adhering to criteria of justice and considering the consequences of their application.     

Relational Legal Consciousness of U.S. Citizenship: Privilege,Responsibility, Guilt,and Love in Latino Mixed‐Status Families

Based on interviews with 100 members of mixed‐status families in Los Angeles, California, this article analyzes how U.S. citizen children practice and understand citizenship in the context of punitive laws targeting their loved ones. Participants' narratives of citizenship as privilege, responsibility, and guilt reveal that despite normative conceptions of citizenship as a universally equal status, citizenship intersects with key social markers to determine the contours and inequalities of substantive citizenship. Specifically, U.S. citizens in mixed‐status families make sense of their juridical category when they navigate unrealistic aspirations from relatives, maintain silence about undocumented family members' legal status, manage their fear of family separation through deportation, and take on financial and logistical responsibilities prematurely to help relatives. In each of these ways, family proves to be a key site for the social and relational production of citizenship.     

NGO的民间治理与转型期的法治秩序

NGO的民间治理对转型中国具有重大意义,它不仅与国家法秩序形成了耦合支撑、多元均衡、共谋与冲突等互动和张力状态,而且,还赋有反思性的对话协调机制、公民性社会资本的生成机制、公共领域的运行机制、自生自发秩序的衍生机制等秩序生发机制,从而为法治秩序提供了重要基础和支撑。因此,应克服NGO民间治理中的中国问题,推动其功能和作用的充分发挥,进而促进法治秩序的早日确立。     

Family caregivers and decision-making for older people with dementia

This article addresses the dilemmas concerning legislation, individual autonomy and the reality of everyday life for people coping with dementia. We describe and analyse decision-making in relation to older people with dementia in Sweden, within the area of social work regulated by the Social Services Act and the Parental Act. Swedish legislation is based on the individual’s autonomy and capacity to consent to services without anyone having legal authority to decide on behalf of the individual. Based on data from interviews with family caregivers living at home, decision-making through family caregivers is discussed and formal guardianship is also considered. Swedish legislation leaves individuals with dementia and family caregivers in a vacuum between self-determination and full autonomy with the ideal of citizenship emphasised and recognised in the Social Services Act on the one hand, and on the other, a strong need for support in everyday life and with decision-making.     

Unravelling the Embedded Liberal Bargain: Labour and Social Welfare Law in the Context of EU Market Integration

European economic integration with a minimalist social policy at EU level was in part made possible by strong domestic labour market and social welfare institutions. The main contention of this paper is that EU market liberalisation was embedded within institutions of social citizenship at domestic level, which served to counter the liberalisation of the internal market. But this settlement has been put under strain. In addition to the challenges posed to the sustainability of European welfare states by the global economic crisis, the internal market jurisprudence of the Court of Justice casts doubt on the sustainability of the ‘embedded liberal bargain’. This paper focuses on the role of the Court, in particular in its jurisprudence on the interaction between (EU) market freedoms and (national) labour law, which undermines the ability of states to retain their regulatory autonomy over labour or social welfare law and, arguably, speeds up the unravelling of the ‘embedded liberal bargain’.     

Rules for Rights: European Law,Health Care and Social Citizenship

Social citizenship is about equality. The obvious problem for European social citizenship in a very diverse Union is that Member States will not be able or willing to bear the cost of establishing equal rights to health care and similar aspects of social citizenship. Health care is a particularly good case of this tension between EU citizenship and Member State diversity. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) strengthened the right to health care in other Member States, but this cannot create an equal right to health care when Member States are so different. In its efforts to balance a European right, the Court has formulated ‘rules for rights’—not so much European social citizenship rights, as a set of legal principles by which it judges the decisions of the Member States.     

Renegotiating Social Citizenship in the Age of Devolution

The period 2012 to 2016 saw important developments in the role of the United Kingdom's devolved legislatures in shaping the social rights of citizenship. Near‐uniformity in social security is being eroded, with competences devolved to Scotland and Northern Ireland proceeding with limited divergence from Great Britain. This turn to regionalism is linked with dissatisfaction with British government approaches. This article examines developments from a social citizenship perspective. Welfare state regionalism is a challenge to Marshall's perceived unitary view of citizenship. Yet, it is argued, moves towards divergence are driven by regional differences of perspective on citizens' social rights and reciprocal obligations in a way that emphasizes the continued relevance of Marshallian theory. The democratization of political rights gave birth to social rights in the early twentieth century; today, the regionalization of democratic citizenship enables alternative visions for social citizenship to be articulated and begin to shape welfare services at devolved level.     

Marginalized Mothers,Reproductive Autonomy,and ‘Repeat Losses To Care’

Over 70,000 children are ‘looked after’ by local authorities in England and Wales. Emerging research suggests that a significant proportion of their birth parents have either already lost a child to permanent adoption or will go on to lose others. These ‘repeat loss’ cases raise difficult questions about marginalized mothers and their reproductive autonomy. This article considers past and present tactics used by the state in its attempts to limit that autonomy, including institutionalization, sterilization, long‐acting contraception, and permanent adoption. It argues that the gradual democratization of intimate citizenship over the past century, defined as a person's ability to choose and direct their intimate relationships, has obliged the contemporary state to develop new tactics which aim to build personal capacity and to balance enhanced child protection with enhanced reproductive autonomy.     

意思自治原则的适用范围

意思自治原则是民法中的一项重要原则 ,在实现法律对民事社会关系的调整过程中发挥着重要的作用。但是该原则的适用不是不受限制的、任意的 ,而是有其特定的适用范围的 ,只有在满足特定的条件的情况下 ,该原则才能够发挥其相应的作用 ,超出了特定范围、不符合特定的条件 ,就没有该原则发挥作用的余地