阿维菌素在急性中毒死家兔体内的再分布研究

目的考察阿维菌素在急性中毒死家兔体内的再分布。方法按最小致死量一次性灌胃250mg/kg阿维菌素,HPLC法检测家兔死后0h、24h、48h和72h中阿维菌素的含量。结果给家兔一次性灌胃250mg/kg阿维菌素的临床死亡时间为120.6±9.2min(±s,n=10);测定了阿维菌素的致死血浓度和致死组织浓度;家兔死后0h~72h心血和各主要脏器组织中阿维菌素含量存在体内再分布现象;确定肝、肾、肺为最佳组织检材。结论阿维菌素在急性中毒死家兔体内的再分布数据,对法医办理此类案件具有重要参考价值。     

甲拌磷在大鼠体内的死后分布研究

目的建立甲拌磷灌胃染毒致死的大鼠动物模型,建立生物检材中甲拌磷的气相色谱和气相色谱质谱联用检测方法 ,观察甲拌磷在3种剂量染毒大鼠体内的死后分布特点。方法大鼠2LD50、4LD50或8LD50甲拌磷灌胃染毒,死后立即解剖,采集心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、肌肉、睾丸、心血和胃组织,GC/MS、GC/FPD法定性定量检测各组织和心血中甲拌磷。结果大鼠2LD50、4LD50和8LD50甲拌磷染毒后31±3min、19±4min和11±6min死亡。气相色谱和气相色谱质谱联用法均可检到甲拌磷。染毒死亡大鼠体内甲拌磷的含量由高到低顺序依次为：2LD50组：胃组织〉肝〉脾〉肾〉肺〉脑〉睾丸〉肌肉〉心〉心血。4LD50组：胃组织〉肝〉肺〉脾〉肾〉睾丸〉肌肉〉脑〉心〉心血。8LD50组：胃组织〉肝〉肾〉脾〉肺〉心〉肌肉〉睾丸〉心血〉脑。结论甲拌磷在大鼠体内死后分布不均匀。胃组织中含量最高,其次是肝、脾、肺和肾,脑、肌肉和睾丸含量最低。甲拌磷的灌胃染毒致死动物模型、气相色谱和气相色谱质谱联用方法及死后分布规律可应用于甲拌磷中毒死亡案件的法医学鉴定和法医毒物动力学研究。     

溴敌隆及其代谢物-苄叉丙酮在犬体内的死后分布

目的研究溴敌隆及其代谢物-苄叉丙酮在中毒致死犬体内死后分布规律,为溴敌隆中毒检材的采取提供实验依据。方法分别经口给予犬2倍和4倍LD_(50)溴敌隆,待其死亡后迅速解剖取材,气相色谱-质谱联用法测定心血、外周血、尿、胆汁、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、左下肢肌、膀胱、胃、胃内容、胰等脏器和体液中溴敌隆和代谢物-苄叉丙酮的含量。结果犬经2倍和4倍LD_(50)溴敌隆灌胃染毒后3d开始出现出血症状,(178.40±20.94)h后死亡。溴敌隆和代谢物-苄叉丙酮在各组织脏器及体液中的死后分布为:溴敌隆2LD_(50)组溴敌隆:胆汁尿、肝、心、肾心血、外周血、脾、肺等;苄叉丙酮:胆汁、尿、心血、外周血、肺、胃内容中含量高于其他脏器。溴敌隆4LD_(50)组溴敌隆:胆汁、尿肝、外周血心血、胃内容物等脏器。苄叉丙酮:胆汁、尿、肺浓度高于其他脏器。结论溴敌隆及其代谢物-苄叉丙酮在中毒致死犬体内死后分布不均匀,溴敌隆在胆汁、尿、肝脏、心血和外周血含量较高,代谢物-苄叉丙酮在胆汁、尿、肺较高。胆汁、尿、肝脏、心血、外周血可作为疑似溴敌隆中毒毒物分析的检材。     

短柄乌头急性中毒——乌头碱在大鼠体内分布的研究

本文用高效液相色谱法检测了大白鼠短柄乌头急性中毒后(LD_(50)剂量灌胃),乌头碱在心、肝、肾、血、脑内的含量分布。结果表明;体内乌头碱含量甚微或检不出。30例大鼠LD_(50)剂量灌胃后,16例2h内中毒死亡。其肝、肾内的乌头碱检出率明显高于心、血、脑,且中毒表现明显。另14例于2h整处死,其肝、肾、血中检出较高。16例2h内死亡组肝中乌头碱含量分析提示乌头碱在体内代谢很快。此结果为法医工作中乌头碱中毒案件调查、检材提取、毒物分析结果的评价提供了一定的依据。     

甲氰菊酯在家兔体内的死后分布研究

目的建立甲氰菊酯家兔灌胃染毒致死模型和生物检材中甲氰菊酯的气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法,研究甲氰菊酯在家兔体内的死后分布规律。方法家兔6只,甲氰菊酯经口灌胃染毒,死亡后迅速解剖,取心血、外周血、肝等组织,气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用法检测甲氰菊酯含量;部分组织经甲醛固定,HE染色,光镜观察其病理改变。结果家兔染毒后2～3h出现中毒表现,染毒后4.5～8h死亡。气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用法均检测到甲氰菊酯。甲氰菊酯在家兔体内死后分布为胃壁（458.92±32.82）μg/g、肾（46.47±6.30）μg/g、肝（35.79±20.11）μg/g、大脑（28.77±10.52）μg/g、心（26.49±4.10）μg/g、脾（22.23±5.37）μg/g、胆汁（10.87±1.42）μg/mL、肺（10.32±0.78）μg/g、周围血（8.14±1.12）μg/mL和心血（8.20±1.83）μg/mL。结论甲氰菊酯的灌胃染毒致死模型、气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法及死后分布规律可应用于甲氰菊酯中毒死亡案件的法医学鉴定及法医毒物动力学研究。     

大鼠甲醇中毒后体内的甲酸分布CSCD

目的研究大鼠甲醇中毒后血液及体内主要组织中甲酸的浓度及分布特点。方法将SD大鼠分为对照组、中毒3 d组和中毒7 d组,中毒模型按照首剂量8 m L/kg给予大鼠甲醇灌胃,24 h后给予减半剂量4 m L/kg再次灌胃,在首次灌胃后的3 d和7 d将大鼠引颈处死,采心血并提取肝、肾、脑、心和胃组织,利用高效液相色谱仪检测其中的甲酸含量。结果甲酸在组织中的浓度高于血液中;与中毒3d组比较,中毒7d组脑和胃组织内的甲酸质量浓度有一定的增加趋势,而肝和肾组织中的甲酸质量浓度有所下降(P<0.05)。结论高效液相色谱法可以作为一种准确检测甲酸的定性定量方法。大鼠甲醇中毒后,其代谢产物甲酸在血液及组织中均有蓄积,在器官组织中的蓄积更显著。     

盐酸曲马多在大鼠体内的分布特点

目的观察盐酸曲马多在大鼠体内的分布及其特点。方法大鼠以3倍和6倍LD50228mg/kg剂量盐酸曲马多灌胃染毒致死,取材,薄层色谱法检测其心、肺、肝、脾、肾、大脑和血内盐酸曲马多的浓度。结果3倍LD50剂量组大鼠肾、肺、血、肝、大脑、脾和心组织盐酸曲马多的浓度分别为112±15、59±17、53±31、32±19.7、22±11.5、20±20、16.7±8.3μg/g或μg/ml;6倍LD50剂量组大鼠血、肺、肝、心、肾、大脑和脾中盐酸曲马多的浓度分别为107.6±7.2、26.3±20、11.7±6.6、11.2±7.2、10.3±3.6、6.38±0.2、6.1±0.3μg/g或μg/ml。结论3倍LD50剂量组大鼠,肾、肺、血内盐酸曲马多浓度最高;6倍LD50剂量组大鼠血、肺、肝中盐酸曲马多的浓度最高。盐酸曲马多中毒时,血、肝、肺和肾可以作为法医毒物分析的检材。     

毒鼠强中毒的凋亡细胞研究

目的通过动物实验,研究观察在不同剂量下毒鼠强中毒后不同时间各器官的病理学变化,以期为法医学鉴定提供指标。方法建立小鼠毒鼠强中毒的实验模型,通过常规H.E染色及凋亡细胞检测技术对小鼠毒鼠强急、慢性中毒后脑、心、肝、肾等器官的病理学改变进行系统研究,并对研究结果进行计算机病理学图像分析;对中毒实验组的小鼠上述器官检材进行毒物分析。结果慢性中毒组小鼠在中毒后的不同时间段内,脑、心、肝、肾等器官凋亡细胞数均高于正常对照组及急性中毒致死组,且同一器官的凋亡细胞数在不同中毒时间段内有所差异,差别均有显著性;不同器官的凋亡细胞数的峰值在不同中毒时间段内亦有所不同。急性中毒组小鼠各器官的毒物分析结果为阳性,慢性中毒组均为阴性。结论慢性毒鼠强中毒,在临床症状不明显及法医毒物分析难以检测的情况下,应用凋亡细胞检测技术可成功检测出机体的主要器官的病理学改变,表明小剂量、慢性中毒对机体仍有一定的影响。     

家兔死后体内2-氨基噻唑啉-4-羧酸分布研究

目的建立家兔氰化钾灌胃给药致死动物模型,研究氰化物代谢物2-氨基噻唑啉-4-羧酸(ATCA)在家兔体内的死后分布规律。方法雄性家兔7只(体重约2.0kg~2.5kg)经口灌胃2LD50(10mg/kg)氰化钾水溶液,观察家兔反应,待家兔呼吸、心跳和反射全部消失后立即对家兔进行解剖取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、睾丸、胃壁、肌肉等组织检材以及心血、玻璃体液、尿液等体液检材置于-80℃冷冻保存待检。液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定生物检材中氰化物代谢物ATCA的含量,对其在各个组织的分布进行比较并寻找规律。结果氰化钾灌胃后家兔出现呼吸频率加快,走路乏力,癫痫大发作样抽搐,后瞳孔散大,肌肉松弛,各种反射消失,似"电击样"死亡。死亡后测得心血中氰基(CN-)平均浓度为11.81μg/ml。死后0h氰化物代谢物ATCA在家兔体内的分布如下:脾>肺>肾>肝、脑>睾丸>心血>心、胃壁>玻璃体液>右下肢肌肉>尿。结论大剂量氰化物中毒致死后其代谢物ATCA在家兔体内分布不均匀,在脾中最高,尿中最低。在疑似氰化物中毒致死案件的法医学鉴定中,除采取心血外,还应全面正确采集分布量较高的脾、肺、肾和肝组织进行氰化物代谢物ATCA的定性定量分析。     

芬太尼中毒死亡大白兔体内分布研究

目的建立芬太尼中毒致死的动物模型,探讨芬太尼在致死大白兔体内的分布规律。方法用6只雄性大白兔按5.4mg/kg(2LD50)经耳缘静脉推注芬太尼注射液,大白兔死后迅速解剖并提取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、肌肉、睾丸、胃、心血、周围血、胆汁和尿液,用正己烷∶乙醇(20∶1)萃取,利用UPLC-MSn法检测各组织和体液中芬太尼含量,使用SPSS15.0进行方差分析,均数两两比较的SNK法进行统计分析。检验水准为α=0.05。结果实验大白兔给药后1min出现颈项强直、四肢抽搐等中毒症状,平均4.7min因呼吸抑制而死亡。死后肺内芬太尼含量最高,其次是肾和心,而尿液中含量较低。结论本实验的结果与相关案例报道基本吻合,提示肺、肾和心脏是芬太尼中毒案件鉴定的理想检材,芬太尼在致死大白兔体内的分布规律可为相关案件的鉴定提供一定的依据。     

Investigation of homicides interred in concrete--the Los Angeles experience

Decedents interred in concrete present unique problems and investigation of these deaths necessitates a team of forensic specialists. The Los Angeles County Department of Coroner has had five such deaths in the past 18 years. The buried cases needed layer-by-layer excavation to establish the time and cause of death. Metal detectors are often used in this process. X-rays of the interred remains were completed to help with locating the decedent's position in the concrete. The breaking of concrete in some of the cases required the use of a sledgehammer and later a chisel in a manner that would not damage the remains. Postmortem dismemberment was frequent in our cases. The decedents were all female or prepubescent children, and the perpetrators were closely related to the decedents. While concrete can interfere with determination of postmortem interval, it can also preserve the remains and assist with identification.     

Forensic Approach to an Archaeological Casework of “Vampire” Skeletal Remains in Venice: Odontological and Anthropological Prospectus*

Abstract: During the years 2006–2007, the Archeological Superintendent of Veneto (Italy) promoted a research project on mass graves located on Nuovo Lazzaretto in Venice, where the corpses of plague deaths were buried during the 16th and 17th centuries. The burials were of different stages and are believed to be the remains of plague victims from the numerous outbreaks of pestilence, which occurred between the 15th and 17th centuries. Among the fragmented and commingled human bones, an unusual burial was found. The body was laid supine, with the top half of the thorax intact, arms parallel to the rachis axis, the articulations were anatomically unaltered. Both the skull morphology and the dimensions of the caput omeris suggest the body was a woman. A brick of moderate size was found inside the oral cavity, keeping the mandible wide open. The data collected by the anthropologist were used to generate a taphonomic profile, which precluded the positioning of the brick being accidental. Likewise, the probability of the brick having come from the surrounding burial sediment was rejected, as the only other inclusions found were bone fragments from previous burials in the same area. The data collected by the odontologist were employed for age estimation and radiological dental assessment. The forensic profile was based conceptually on the “circumstances of death” and concluded that the positioning of the brick was intentional, and attributed to a symbolic burial ritual. This ritual confirms the intimate belief held at those times, between the plague and the mythological character of the vampire.     

Forensic Analysis of a Contact Lens in a Murder Case

Contact lenses have had rare relevance in trials and/or investigations. After 5 years of burial, orbital remnants were retrieved from an exhumed body and subsequently identified as a key piece of material evidence in a murder trial. The exhumed case materials were evaluated under laboratory conditions and were determined to be contact lens remnants. Contact lens fracture and burial simulation studies were performed to provide additional corroboration of the physical findings of the exhumed contact lens remnants. This material evidence was instrumental in providing factual proof refuting the defendant's testimony in the murder trial. A brief history of contact lens composition and use is provided for understanding the methods and observational results. This forensic case study represents the first published documentation of a contact lens from an exhumed body being used in a murder investigation and establishes an operational procedure for future forensic contact lens examinations.     

Antemortem and Postmortem Nonapposite Data—A Multidisciplinary Identification Strategy

Identification of human remains is often achieved by comparing documented reference data with the same type of evidence obtained from the remains. We present a case of a decomposed unidentified body, whose identity was presumed but because of the low validity range of the available data, the identification process could not be completed. Antemortem radiographs of the teeth found in the house of the reputed victim could not be compared to the edentulous cadaver and the kinship between the victim and the only living relative that could provide DNA for comparison was too tenuous. Isolated teeth found at the scene, were neither a source of DNA reference information nor questioned data to be compared to the antemortem radiographs. The strategy implemented by the investigators to reallocate the status of the isolated teeth from the questioned source to the reference source of DNA to be compared with the cadaver is presented.     

毒物代谢动力学研究在法庭科学中的应用

随着法庭科学的发展以及近年来涉及毒品、毒物等中毒案件的增加,许多研究者对毒物代谢动力学进行研究,并取得了一定的成果.本文综述毒物代谢动力学研究及其在法庭科学中的应用状况,概要介绍毒物代谢动力学的研究现状、研究方法及研究成果,以期为相关研究及实践提供参考和借鉴.     

Creating a State‐Academic Partnership to Advance a Forensic Teaching Service: Benefits and Barriers

In Washington State, like many states, there is a shortage of forensically trained mental health clinicians to work with criminal justice‐involved individuals. At the direction of the state legislature, a collaborative project was undertaken by the University of Washington, the state Department of Social and Health Services, and a state psychiatric hospital to develop a proposal for a jointly sponsored forensic teaching service. The authors reviewed the literature, surveyed and interviewed forensic psychiatry and psychology training directors, and conducted site visits of selected training programs that offer multidisciplinary training or have affiliations with state hospitals. The authors conducted focus groups of additional stakeholders, including clinicians and patients in forensic settings, to better understand the needs in Washington. The authors report on several common benefits and barriers to establishing forensic teaching services. Other states and forensic programs may find this article useful in identifying common considerations for forensic mental health teaching services.     

Comparison Among Manual Facial Approximations Conducted by Two Methodological Approaches of Face Prediction

This study verified the difference between two methods of forensic facial approximation (FFA) regarding recognition and resemblance rates. Three‐dimensional models of skulls were obtained from computerized tomography (CT) scans of two subjects (targets). Two manual FFAs were performed for each target, by applying two different guidelines for the facial structures (what we called “American method” (AM) and “Combined method” (CM)). Unfamiliar assessors evaluated the sculptures by recognition and resemblance tests. The AM was that which allowed more correct responses of recognition and higher resemblance's scores for the male target (p < 0.001). Regarding guidelines for modeling characteristics of the face, the ones that are practical and easily performed for sculptures, such as the length of the anterior nasal spine multiplied by 3 for nose prediction, may offer better results in terms of resemblance.     

刑事强制鉴定制度初探

近年来,随着刑事要案为公众所广泛关注,在某些案件中,司法鉴定成为直接影响被告人刑事责任的重要手段,也被推至舆论的风口浪尖之上。然而学界却少有对强制鉴定构建模式的专门论证。我国应当在法律中规定当事人的鉴定请求权,构建与裁量鉴定并行的强制鉴定制度,确定其适用条件、具体程序及监督体制。     

Pacemaker/defibrillator evaluation at Los Angeles County Department of Coroner*

Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are implanted medical devices for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. These devices are now commonly encountered in the postmortem situation. The Los Angeles County Department of the Coroner uses the services of a cardiac electrophysiology consultant to interrogate pacemakers and ICDs, producing a detailed picture of the cardiac events recorded by the device. We have used this method to evaluate 20 cases where the ICD or pacemaker provided significant information. We report four forensic cases to illustrate the different applications of pacemaker interrogation and its contribution in forensic investigation. This technique was used to establish identification of the decedent, to determine the cause and time of death, and to determine whether device malfunction could have played a role in the death. We conclude that detailed evaluation of the pacemaker or ICD in selected cases may provide essential information to the forensic pathologist.     

道路交通事故法医检验技术的研究进展

近年来,经济快速发展和机动车数量急剧增多,道路交通事故频发和伤亡人数不断上升已经成为备受关注的全球性问题。法医检验作为交通事故处理中重要的证据,其鉴定意见直接影响着当事方的权益和事故处理。不容置疑,法医检验技术的运用对鉴定意见有十分重要的影响作用。本文对国内外法医检验技术的最新研究进展和应用进行综述,供同行实践工作中参考。