度冷丁在家兔体内的代谢分布研究

建立生物检材中度冷丁及其代谢物去甲度冷丁的GC／NPD系统分析方法,研究染毒家兔体内度冷丁的原体及代谢物分布情况,测定1例肌肉注射度冷丁过量致死者体内度冷丁和去甲度冷丁浓度。组织检材经酸水解后,在碱性条件下用乙醚提取,残余物用25μl甲醇溶解后进行气相分析。度冷丁的提取回收率高于60％,相对标准偏差小于12％;染毒家兔体内度冷丁浓度下降很快,去甲度冷丁浓度较低;度冷丁和去甲度冷丁在染毒家兔各脏器中含量分布除血液外与度冷丁过量致死者体内分布一致,尿中度冷丁和去甲度冷丁浓度最高,肝脏中浓度明显低于其它脏器。此结果为中毒检案的最佳检材选择和对毒物分析结果评价提供了科学依据。     

度冷丁滥用者尿中原体及其代谢产物的分析研究

本研究利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ（ＥＩ．ＰＣＩ）技术，在度冷丁滥用者尿中确认了６种代谢产物。并建立了ＧＣ／ＦＩＤ分析度冷丁及其代谢产物的方法。方法线性范围为０．１～２０μｇ／ｍｌ，变异系数小于１０％，最小检出量为５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，适用于度冷丁成瘾者尿中含量的测定。     

尿中度冷丁,去甲度冷丁的浓度分析及评价

本研究考察了5名健康志愿者和140例度冷丁滥用者尿中度冷丁和代谢产物去甲度冷丁的浓度变化，发现二者的代谢物和原体浓度比有显著性差异。提出代谢物和原体的浓度比可以作为判断是否滥用度冷丁的参考依据。     

度冷丁滥用者尿中原体及其代谢物产物的分析研究

本研究利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ（ＥＬＰＣＩ）技术，在度冷丁滥用者不中确认了６种代谢产物，并建立了ＧＣ／ＦＩＤ分析度冷丁及其代谢产物的方法，方法线性范围０．１～２０μｇ／ｍｌ，变异系数小于１０％，最小检出量为５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，适用于度冷丁成瘾者尿中含量的测定。     

度冷丁慢性依赖和自然戒断大鼠脑神经细胞Bax蛋白的变化

目的探讨度冷丁药物依赖形成机制和法医学鉴定的诊断依据。方法 采用免疫组织化学SP染色法及图像分析技术,观察度冷丁慢性依赖和自然戒断大鼠大脑皮质(CC)、中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)和中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)神经细胞Bax的变化。结果 度冷丁慢性依赖时,大鼠表现为跳跃、竖尾等兴奋症状,自然戒断时出现高度激惹、异常姿势、叩齿、咬牙、腹泻等戒断症状和体征。对照组、慢性依赖组和自然戒断组在CC神经细胞Bax的染色灰度分别为146.0±5.92、118.6±6.77和106.0±7.49;在PAG分别为183.2±7.26、112.0±5.52和119.0±5.43;在VTA分别为171.2±9.65、113.6±4.34和93.2±6.06;BaX的表达在慢性依赖和自然戒断组比对照组明显(p<0.05);自然戒断组比慢性依赖组明显(p<0.05)。Bax阳性神经细胞数的变化趋势与Bax染色灰度结果相同。结论度冷丁药物滥用引起的神经细胞Bax明显增加可能与药物依赖的形成机制有关。Bax免疫组织化学变化可作为度冷丁吸毒法医学鉴定的形态学诊断辅助依据。     

QTRAP LC-MS/MS方法分析头发中氯胺酮结构类似物

目的 建立头发中氯胺酮结构类似物的液相色谱-四极杆/线性离子阱质谱（QTRAP LC-MS/MS）的检测方法。方法 将洗净晾干的20 mg头发加入1 mL提取液冷冻研磨后冰浴超声提取,离心取上清液过滤膜后,经ACQUITY UPLC?HSS T3色谱柱分离,采用多反应监测模式同时测定10种氯胺酮结构类似物。以该方法分析20例阳性头发样本中乙基氟胺酮、去甲氟胺酮和替来他明的含量。结果 头发中10种氯胺酮结构类似物在0.01～2.00ng/mg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数> 0.99,回收率为89.1%～106.1%,基质效应为88.3%～106.0%。20例阳性头发样本中乙基氟胺酮的含量范围为0.02～8.35 ng/mg,平均值1.59 ng/mg,中位值0.40 ng/mg;去甲氟胺酮的含量范围为0.01～0.94 ng/mg,平均值0.28 ng/mg,中位值0.19 ng/mg;替来他明的含量范围为0.02～10.93 ng/mg,平均值2.69 ng/mg,中位值2.11 ng/mg。结论 本方法简便、高效、可靠,适用于头发中氯胺酮结构类似物的检验。样本数据为氯胺酮结构类...     

QTRAP LC-MS/MS方法分析头发中氟胺酮及其代谢物的研究

目的建立头发中氟胺酮及其代谢物的液相色谱-四极杆/线性离子阱质谱(QTRAP LC-MS/MS)检测方法并分析头发样本中氟胺酮含量范围。方法将洗净的20mg头发样本加入2mL提取液研磨后超声提取,离心取上清液过滤膜后,采用多反应监测模式测定氟胺酮及其代谢物,并以该方法分析了50例样本中氟胺酮的含量。基于氟胺酮、氯胺酮结构的相似性,参考氯胺酮代谢物去甲氯胺酮的质谱裂解途径,对氟胺酮主要代谢物进行推断。结果氟胺酮在浓度范围0.004ng/mg～2ng/mg内线性良好;方法检出限为0.001ng/mg;在0.05、0.20、1.00 ng/mg 3个添加水平的回收率为90.2%～94.4%。50例阳性样本中氟胺酮含量在0.2ng/mg以上46例占比92%,含量最高值92.56ng/mg、平均值15.32ng/mg、中位值5.34ng/mg,反映了氟胺酮较为严重的滥用形势。结论本方法简便、高效、可靠,适用于头发中氟胺酮及其代谢物的鉴定。样本数据为氟胺酮列管后鉴定及阈值确定提供了参考。     

度冷丁在豚鼠毛发中的分布研究

目的探讨度冷丁在毛发中的分布状况。方法通过动物实验-给豚鼠持续腹腔注射度冷丁,探讨度冷丁在豚鼠毛发中出现与消失的时间过程及注射剂量与毛发中的含量关系。结果给豚鼠隔日连续腹腔注射度冷丁7次,第4天可在豚鼠毛发中检出度冷丁,第8天达浓度高峰,停止注射后第5天检不出度冷丁;豚鼠毛发中度冷丁含量与度冷丁的注射剂量有关,但无明显的线性关系。结论研究结果为实际案例分析结果的评价提供依据。     

过敏性休克死亡机体内白三烯变化的研究

本研究采用反相洗脱高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测青霉素和血清过敏休克致死机体中自三烯(Leukotrienes,LTs)。(1)过敏休克前血中未检出LTs的任一组分,休克死亡后检出LTB_4和LTD_4。青霉素过敏血中LTB_4含量是10.10±4.76(ng/ml),LTD_4是26.75±6.55(ng/ml),未检出LTC_4和LTF_4。(2)正常动物肺,脾和肾中均未检出LTs。过敏休克的肺,脾和肾中不仅检出LTB_4和LTD_4,而且在不同脏器中呈规律分布。青霉素过敏肺中LTs_4是23.75±3.80(ng/g),LTD4是58.58±11.39(ng/g))未检出LTC_4和LTE_4。脾中仅有LTB_424.36±3.62(ng/g)。肾中仅有LTD_12.17±2.55(ng/g)。(3)过敏休克致死机体置室温6或12h,或置冰箱48h再测LTs,未见明显变化。(4)青霉素和血清诱发的过敏休克中,LTs的增加和分布是一致的。本研究提示:LTs含量和分布的变化是过敏性休克所共有,可为过敏性休克急死的法医学死因检定提供有价值的证据。     

头发中异烟肼代谢产物的气相色谱/质谱法分析

本文用气相色谱/质谱法,对头发中异烟肼的代谢产物乙酰异烟肼进行了定性定量分析。头发中乙酰异烟肼的含量为3. 2ng/mg,平均回收率为84. 6％,最低检出限量为5ng。本文报导的方法简便、迅速、灵敏     

Detection of meperidine and its metabolites in the hair of meperidine addicts

The presence of meperidine and its metabolites in the hair of meperidine addicts was investigated using GC–MS (EI, PCI). Meperidine and its three metabolites – normeperidine, N-methoxy meperidine and acetyl normeperidine, were found in hair samples from addicted subjects. Methods for the simultaneous determination of meperidine and its metabolites by GC–MS-SIM were also established for human hair samples. After the addition of d₄-meperidine as an internal standard, hair samples weighing 5 mg were incubated in 0.1 M HCl at 45°C overnight, and the resulting digests were extracted with ether. The recoveries were greater than 80%, with coefficients of variation (CVs) between 4.48 and 8.31%. The calibration curves for meperidine and normeperidine in hair were linear over a concentration range of 1 to 500 ng per mg of hair, with correlation coefficients of r=0.9990 and r=0.9992, respectively. Values less than 0.25 ng/mg of hair were cut off. Hair samples obtained from 60 drug addicts were analyzed using this method, and the content of meperidine and normeperidine was determined to be 103±130 and 117±143 ng/mg, respectively. Sectional analysis revealed that meperidine was present and stable in hair for at least 20 months, but normeperidine content at the level of the hair root was higher compared to the tip of the hair shaft. The results also revealed that there was a correlation between the subject’s drug abuse history and the distribution of drug along the hair shaft, and between the doses of meperidine and drug content presented in hair.     

The study of metabolite-to-parent drug ratios of methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine in hair

The metabolite-to-parent drug ratios were determined in the hair of 2444 methamphetamine (MA) abusers who had produced MA-positive hair results from 2001 to May 2005 and in the hair of 53 ecstasy abusers who had produced positive methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) hair results from 2002 to May 2005. For the hair analyses, hair strands were washed, cut into small pieces and extracted for 20 h in 1 mL methanol containing 1% HCl. Drugs in the extract were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using selective ion monitoring after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. The six range groups were divided as follows on the basis of MA concentrations in hair (n = 2389): 0.5-5 ng/mg (n = 950), 5-10 ng/mg (n = 582), 10-20 ng/mg (n = 503), 20-30 ng/mg (n = 160), 30-40 ng/mg (n = 80), more than 40 ng/mg (n = 114) to assess the correlations between MA concentrations and metabolite-to-parent drug ratios. In groups of higher MA concentrations, lower ratios of AP/MA were found, and there was a statistically significant difference among six range groups. Comparisons of age groups (tens, twenties, thirties, forties, fifties, and sixties) and male and female subjects for the ratios of AP/MA showed a statistically significant difference. The detection of metabolites and the parent drug with reasonable ratios was found to be a useful indicator for distinguishing internal drug incorporation from external contamination. In our study, MA users can produce 0.4-116% (mean = 9%) of amphetamine (AP) concentrations in hair, and ecstasy users 1-110% (mean = 12%) of methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in appropriately washed hair samples.     

Determination of tramadol in hair using solid phase extraction and GC-MS

Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic with mu-opioid receptor agonist activity, it is a widely prescribed analgesic used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain and as an alternative to opiates. Tramadol causes less respiratory depression than morphine at recommended doses. Its efficacy and low incidence of side effects lead to its unnecessary prescribing in patients with mild pain. Tramadol was classified as a "controlled drug" long after its approval for use in Jordan. Analysis of drugs of abuse in hair has been used in routine forensic toxicology as an alternative to blood in studying addiction history of drug abusers. A method for the determination of tramadol in hair using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is presented, the method offers excellent precision (3.5-9.8%, (M)=6.77%), accuracy (6.9-12%, M=9.4%) and limit of detection 0.5 ng/mg. The recovery was in the range of 87-94.3% with an average of 90.75%. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 0.5-5.0 ng/mg hair with correlation coefficient of 0.998. The developed method was tested on 11 hair samples taken from patients using tramadol as prescribed by their physician along with other different drugs in treating chronic illnesses. Tramadol was detected in all hair samples at a concentration of 0.176-16.3 ng/mg with mean concentration of 4.41 ng/mg. The developed method has the potential of being applied in forensic drug hair testing. In Jordan, hair drug testing started to draw the attention of legal authorities which stimulated forensic toxicologists in recent years to develop methods of analysis of drugs known or have the potential to be abused.     

Simultaneous determination of pethidine (meperidine), phenoperidine, and norpethidine (normeperidine), their common metabolite, by gas chromatography with selective nitrogen detection

This article describes a selective gas chromatographic method for the resolution and quantification of phenoperidine and its two metabolites, pethidine (meperidine) and norpethidine (normeperidine). Drugs and SKF 525 A, the internal standard, are separated from plasma by solvent extraction under alkaline conditions. They are chromatographed on a 3% OV-17 Chromosorb Q glass column and detected with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector. Linearity is observed in the study range (5-200 ng/ml). No interference by endogenous substances is noted.     

毛发中GHB的检测及评价

目的探索毛发中外源性GHB的检测及判断的可行性,为涉GHB的鉴定提供方法和依据。方法建立毛发中GHB的GC/MS分析方法,并通过动物实验,考察毛发中内源性GHB的质量分数范围、外源性GHB在毛发中的时间过程以及给药剂量、毛发颜色与毛发中GHB的质量分数关系。结果豚鼠和中国人黑色毛发中内源性GHB质量分数分别为(3.01±1.41)ng/mg(n=28)和(1.02±0.27)ng/mg(n=20);摄GHB后毛发中GHB质量分数明显增加且与给药剂量呈正相关性;GHB在毛干中呈窄带分布;深色毛发中GHB质量分数高于浅色毛发。结论毛发中GHB的检测适用于GHB滥用和中毒的法医毒物学鉴定;根据毛发中的GHB质量分数和毛发分段分析可判断GHB的来源。     

Assessment of age and sex by means of DXA bone densitometry: application in forensic anthropology

An effective way to reveal the history of drug abuse is to determine the parental drug and its metabolites in hair. Here, a quantitative HPLC-Chip-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous measurement of ketamine and its metabolite norketamine in human hair. Ketamine and norketamine were extracted from hair by acid hydrolysis, and then enriched by organic solvent extraction. The chromatographic separation was achieved in 15 min, with the drug identification and quantification by a tandem mass spectrometer. The linear regression analysis was calibrated by deuterated internal standards with a R(2) of over 0.996. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for ketamine and norketamine were 0.5 and 1 pg/mg of hair, respectively. The standard curves were linear from the value of LOQ up to 100 pg/mg of hair. The validation parameters including selectivity, accuracy, precision, stability and matrix effect were also determined. In conclusion, this method was able to reveal the present of ketamine and norketamine with less hair from the drug abusers, and which had the sensitivity of ～1000-fold higher than the conventional method. In addition, the amount of ketamine and norketamine being detected in different hair segments would be useful in revealing the historical record of ketamine uptake in the drug abusers.     

The stability of tetramine, morphine and meperidine in formalin solution.

The stability of tetramine, morphine and meperidine in formalin solution is an important factor for drug analysis in forensic investigation. In this paper, the tissues (liver, kidney, lung and heart) from poisoned rabbits were immersed in 50 ml 10% formalin solutions for 4 months before examination. We compared the levels of tetramine, morphine, meperidine and the main metabolite normeperidine, measured by GC/NPD or GC-MS, in frozen rabbit tissues, formalin-fixed rabbit tissues, and formalin solution. There was a decrease in the levels of tetramine, morphine, meperidine in formalin-preserved tissues compared with the levels of these drugs in the frozen tissues. It is suggested that the formalin-fixed tissues and formalin solution should be analyzed at the same time to assure the accurate results.