日本民事诉讼费用救助制度之研究

日本的民事诉讼费用包括裁判费用和当事人费用。为了保障公民接近正义,实现实质上的平等,日本民事诉讼法 中规定了诉讼费用救助条款。原则上,这一救助只涉及裁判费用,救助的效力表现为延缓缴纳裁判费用等诸多方 面。我国目前还未在民事诉讼法中设置诉讼费用救助条款,所以,日本的相关制度对我国极具参考价值。     

我国民事诉讼费用救助制度的现状浅析

民事诉讼费用救助制度是民事诉讼制度权利保障体系中的重要部分,它关系到了当事人的权利行使、社会公平。其最大价值是保障经济困难的弱势群体不因诉讼费用的限制丧失进入法院的机会。本文在分析我国民事诉讼费用救助制度的现状和特点的基础上,对它的具体缺陷进行剖析。     

论民事诉讼费用的性质与征收依据

民事诉讼费用制度是民事诉讼中的一项极为重要的制度 ,诉讼费用的合理性在一定程度上反映了一个国家的人民享受法律保障的程度。我国民事诉讼费用由两部分构成 ,一是案件受理费 ;一是应由当事人负担的其他诉讼费用。征收的主要依据包括 :案件诉讼性质和非诉性质 ;案件的财产性和非财产性 ;案件审理程序的繁简性 ;诉讼案件审理的阶段性等。     

评说速览

1让司法救助基金提升司法救助水平据北京法院院长会议透露,北京市高院将建立司法救助基金以扩大司法救助的范围,信访案件将纳人救助范围,生活困难的诉讼当事人也将得到救助。对经济困难的当事人单纯实行诉讼费用的缓交、减交、免交,并不能从根本上解决问题,存在一定的局限性。而建立司法救助基金,则是通过基金的运作模式直接对当事人予以经济上的救助,比缓交、减交、免交政策更能体现出对当事人的人文关怀,从司法救助的长远建设     

我国诉讼费用制度的分析与完善

诉讼费用制度是现代各国民事诉讼法中的一项不可或缺的制度,一定程度上反映一个国家的人民享受法律保障的程度。现代司法理念里"接受审判"的权利是宪法赋予公民的基本权利。如果民众认为诉讼费用高昂或是不合理,那么其就会放弃对司法的利用,回避通过诉讼的方式来解决纠纷。这样,接近正义对于普通民众来说就可望而不可及。诉讼费用过低则可能导致民众一旦有纠纷就诉诸法庭,出现滥诉现象,不但造成社会财富的巨大浪费,更挤占了本应通过诉讼程序解决的纠纷的空间。所以,让普通民众真正接近正义或真正享受司法福利,合理的诉讼费用制度显得尤为重要。     

民事诉讼费用：构成及影响因素

民事诉讼费用制度是民事诉讼中的一项极为重要的制度，诉讼费用的合理性在一定程度上反映了一个国家的人民享受法律保障的程度．本文在对大陆法系和英美法系主要国家诉讼费用构成进行比较的基础上，就影响诉讼费用构成的诸因素作了深入剖析，同时兢我国诉讼费用制度的改革提出了简要的立法对策与建议。     

司法救助及其中国模式——以《关于建立完善国家司法救助制度的意见（试行）》展开

司法救助的前身是刑事被害人救助,后者与各国刑事被害人补偿具有同一性,而前者在吸收被害人救助内涵后,不再属于民事诉讼费用制度中的特定概念。社会矛盾激化、纠纷解决的司法化以及普遍存在的执行难现象,是司法救助取代刑事被害人救助的内在原因。我国司法救助以功利主义作为正当化根基,倡导保护生活模式,大幅扩张救助对象范围,实现救助决定权的多元分享,从而具有了鲜明的中国特点。明确国家在司法救助中的清偿代位人角色,多元化地理解司法救助的正当性根据,确定被救助人权利主体的地位,同时合理地对救助对象加以类型化,是我国司法救助制度完善的可行方案。     

对我国民事诉讼费用制度的反思

诉讼费用与当事人的利益紧密相关,是各国民事诉讼法中一项不可或缺的制度。在现代法治社会,合理的诉讼费用制度显得尤为重要,为实现普通民众真正接近正义以及产生对法院和法律的信赖,起着十分重要的作用。本文从分析民事诉讼费用新办法中存在的问题出发,提出了改革和完善现有制度的相关设想。     

从程序价值视角看我国民事诉讼费用的性质与征收

完善民事诉讼费用立法,给当事人一份生产正义的合理账单,已成为越来越多国家立法关注的重点。我国已启动了对诉讼费用立法的调研和论证工作,从民事程序价值的角度研讨诉讼费用的性质、征收范围及交纳方式,是为诉讼费用立法提供一种价值层面的新思路。     

变迁与循旧：历史视野中的美国证据开示程序——主论1997年证据开示改革的未果

在大陆法系广泛借鉴英美法系法律制度的同时,美国也在积极借鉴大陆法系的司法积极主义.为降低运行成本,提高诉讼效率,美国于1997年对证据开示制度进行了一揽子改革.如重新建立全国统一的适用标准;取消最初开示;修改证据开示的范围;在民事诉讼中确立诉讼费用移转规则;不当书证将课以费用负担;限制证据保全时间等.但由于其所处的文化传统、历史条件以及诉讼制度的特殊要求等原因,变革与固守传统难以磨合,最终导致了1997年证据开示改革的未果.     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。