舌骨骨折的法医学鉴定3例

正1案例资料1.1案例1简要案情2014年7月19日18时许,在竹林内发现一具未知名男性尸体。尸体检验尸体高度腐败,部分白骨化。颈椎暴露,舌骨及甲状软骨位于颈部左侧,附有腐败软组织。左舌骨大角内2/3处外向骨折,甲状软骨左上角向下分离骨折、甲状软骨体纵向骨折甲状软骨     

PSA试验在精斑检验中的应用探讨

目的通过比较、分析PSA实验结果,探讨PSA试验在精斑检验中的合理应用。方法对检材进行PSA试验后,通过差异裂解法获得上清及沉渣STR分型。结果经STR检测,与PSA试验结果存在不一致,其中假阳性13例,假阴性1例;上清中检出男性成分2例,男女混合9例。结论 PSA试验存在一定假阳性及假阴性率,检验经差异裂解法分离得到的上清不仅可以增加精斑检验的成功率,还可以作为补充为精斑检验带来更多有价值的信息。     

单纯性眶壁骨折法医学鉴定130例分析

目的 分析眶壁骨折的损伤特点,探讨眶壁骨折的法医学鉴定要点.方法 收集2010 2012年在某市公安局涉及单纯性眶壁骨折的130例案件进行回顾性分析,主要包括年龄、性别、致伤物、眶壁骨折的部位和形态、眶内及眶周的复合性损伤以及伤后6个月回访等. 结果 130例案例中,青壮年男性伤者比例较高,主要为拳头击打,单纯性眶内侧壁骨折的比例最高（81.5％）,眶内及眶周复合性损伤致眼睑挫伤（挫裂创）和筛窦（上颌窦）积血最为常见,6个月回访发现眶壁粉碎性骨折30例伤侧眼较健侧眼球略有凹陷. 结论 单纯性眶内侧壁骨折不宜评定轻伤,应待伤情稳定后再予以评定,全面详细的眼科检验是单纯性眶壁骨折鉴定的必要前提.     

利用结核性附睾炎无精虫强奸杀人2例

1 案例资料例1 钟某,女,13岁.1997年6月8日从家里到镇办中学上学,6月9日早上7时被人发现死在某村一松树林中.尸检:睑球结合膜点片状出血,颈部在甲状软骨处有一7cm×3.5cm皮下出血,心外膜及肺粘膜可见点状出血,心腔内血流呈暗红色流动性,舌骨及甲状软骨无骨折.会阴部撕裂出血,在阴阜部有卷曲阴毛一根.提取死者血液、唾液和阴道擦试物做物证检验.结果,在阴道擦试物上检出人精斑,未检见精子.精斑血型为O型,阴毛为O型.死者为O型分泌型.     

利用体视数码显微镜观察分离型舌骨1例

1案例资料 1.1案例来源 韩某,男,59岁,尸体被发现浮于重庆某区水塘内,高度腐败,解剖中发现左侧舌骨大角与舌骨体连接处不连续、可活动,疑似骨折。因高度腐败颈部皮肤及肌肉等软组织难以认定是否有损伤、出血。经硅藻等检验分析死因为溺死。     

1例舌骨骨折的法医学鉴定

1　案例资料王某、男、 40岁。于 2 0 0 2年 3月 2 0日 ,因纠纷被他人用手扼压颈部 ,自诉被扼压有 5～ 6min ,后失去知觉。清醒后感头晕、咽部疼痛 ,以吞咽时为著 ,即入院治疗。入院后CT检查示舌骨骨折。 3月 2 4日法医检验 ,仍诉咽部疼痛。查 :双眼结合膜有充血 ,舌尖处有两处粘膜出血 ,咽后壁粘膜充血。左侧舌骨大角处触痛明显。CT复查 :舌骨于左侧舌骨大角处骨折 (照片 )。2　讨　论舌骨骨折在法医临床学鉴定中是一种不常见的骨折。舌骨位于颌下深处 ,借舌骨上下肌群和颌舌骨肌等所固定。前面体部覆有皮肤和颈阔肌 ,两侧支远端与第三颈…     

基于PMCT的尸表检验骨折的灵敏度研究

目的 探究尸表检验用于骨折检查的灵敏度。方法 对满足研究条件的25例机械性损伤死亡案例进行回顾性研究。以全身尸体计算机断层扫描（post-mortem computed tomography,PMCT）检验的骨折检查结果为金标准，统计分析尸表检查对于不同解剖部位和不同骨折类型的灵敏度大小。结果 尸表检验仅发现不足1/2的骨折，且极易造成3个解剖部位（肩胛骨、椎骨和骨盆）和3种骨折类型（线状非完全性骨折、线状完全性骨折无错位和局部凹陷性骨折）的漏诊。结论 尸表检验用于骨折检查的灵敏度较低，引入现代尸体影像学检查可有效改善这一现状，以提升法医学尸体检案质量。     

分离型舌骨误诊为舌骨骨折1例

l案例某年9月6日下午4时30分在某铁路线左侧发现一具女尸俯卧于备用轨下面的草丛中。衣着完整无损。右小腿旁边见一绿色塑料瓶(印有“克胜农药”字样,内有约20mL液体)。尸体高度腐败,巨人观,面容无法辩认,全身布满蛆虫(蛆虫长1.2cm),全身软组织及各器官腐败但完整。颅骨、胸廓诸骨、骨盆骨、四肢骨及脊柱均未见骨折。右侧舌骨大角与舌骨体不连续、可活动,左侧正常。甲状软骨及环状软骨未见骨折。起初认定为舌骨大角骨折,据此鉴定为掐死。案情调查证实死者生前情人,但情人否认杀人事实,且现场勘查及案情调查又无他杀迹象,故进行重新检验。重…     

骨折误诊漏诊的临床法医学研究(附56例分析)

目的：探讨骨折误诊漏诊的临床法医学特点,提高正确诊断,鉴定骨折的能力。方法：收集56例骨折误诊漏诊的案例,对骨折误诊断诊的原因及特点进行回顾性研究。结果：发现骨折误诊漏诊的主要原因是：（1）对骨骼的正常解剖、变异不够熟悉;（2）对骨的某些病理生理变化不认识;（3）拍片技术及检查方法不当;（4）与诊断者业务素质有关;（5）主观因素。结论：熟悉骨折误诊漏诊的临床法医学特点,对于减少骨折鉴定中的误诊漏诊,提高骨折鉴定的准确性,具有重要的实际意义。     

146例上颌骨额突骨折法医学鉴定分析

目的探讨上颌骨额突（PFM）骨折的特点及损伤程度的评定。方法从鼻外伤的法医鉴定案例中，选取CT扫描诊断为PFM骨折的146例鉴定资料进行回顾性分析。结果在146例中，PFM骨折伴移位成角134例，其中左侧PFM骨折（82例）多于右侧（49例），复合骨折多于单纯骨折。PFM复合骨折多为PFM骨折伴发鼻骨骨折（88例），伴发2个骨骨折26例，伴发3个骨骨折2例。结论PFM骨折极易出现移位成角，多伴有鼻骨、眶骨骨折。单纯PFM骨折，应评定为轻微伤，伴有合并骨折时应评定为轻伤。     

Healed fractures of the larynx and lingual bone in forensic autopsy]

Laryngohyoid fractures are a frequently investigated matter, especially in the forensic literature. On the other hand, there are only very few (old) forensic reports of such fractures in survived cases. However, healed fractures are not seldom found in forensic autopsies: In a personal series of 1160 forensic autopsies (adult persons) a careful dissection of the laryngohyoid complex was done by 1 investigator. Only a macroscopic examination of the cartilages was carried out; radiographs and histological slices were not regularly made. Therefore only a part of existing old fractures is detectable; for example, healed fissures are not visible with this simple method. Furthermore, asymmetries of the thyroid laminae cannot be declared as posttraumatic without additional examination, because this condition is described as possible anatomic anomaly. From that, the injury frequencies presented here only mark the lower threshold of the existence of such findings. Healed fractures of the upper thyroid horns and the major hyoid horns can be easily detected even in a routine examination, if healing resulted in a fixed dislocation or apposition of bone surrounding the former fracture site. In the present series, this was the predominant localization of old fractures: the upper thyroid horns (43 cases), followed by the hyoid cornua (12 cases), a combination of both sites (5) and cricoid fractures (5). Of the total 65 healed fractures (5.6%), 35 were found in the group of 290 chronic alcoholics (12.1%) and only 3.4% in non-alcoholics. In the subgroup of middle-aged alcoholics, the fracture rate increased up to 19%. However, this group did not present a higher rate of fresh laryngohyoid injuries (not related to strangulation) than the other cases. The old fractures probably resulted from minor "daily" injuries (like falls), which are common, especially in chronic alcoholics. The frequency of such findings should be in mind if an apparently fresh fracture, found in an actual autopsy, should be related to the cause of death: there is a real chance, that this fracture occurred prior, and without causal connection to the factors resulting in death. Therefore a histological examination of the age of this finding is necessary. Cricoid fractures are quite uncommon, except in serious external neck trauma. In 1 of our 5 cases, this fracture was caused by repeated cruelty, finally resulting in death.     

Hyoid fracture and strangulation.

Observation of hyoid fracture in skeletonized remains offers potentially valuable information on the history of the skeleton or evidence of foul play, or both. Perimortem hyoid fracture frequently indicates manual strangulation, although ligature strangulation, hanging, and other forms of trauma to the neck cannot be ruled out without additional evidence. Such fractures are rare in children and infants, since the hyoid components are not fully ossified and are more flexible than in adults. Both antemortem and postmortem origins of the fractures must also be considered.     

骨折延迟愈合或骨不连接伤残等级评定66例分析

目的探讨骨折延迟愈合、骨折不连接伤残等级评定条款的适用。方法从患者的性别、年龄、骨折部位/种类、合并疾病情况、治疗方式、骨折愈合时间、伤残等级等资料分析66例骨折延迟愈合、骨折不连接的评残案件。结果进行伤残等级鉴定60例,其中八级2例,九级11例,十级28例,未构成伤残19例,还有6例未申请伤残鉴定。结论现行国家鉴定标准尚无骨折延迟愈合、骨折不连接的明确条款,故有一定的不适应性,在实践中可比照最相类似条款进行评残。     

Fracture of the hyoid bone associated with atlantoaxial subluxation: a case report and review of the literature

Hyoid bone fractures secondary to blunt trauma other than strangulation are rare. Only 27 cases have been reported in the literature. They have few, if any, complications, such as dysphagia, hypoxia, cardiorespiratory collapse, laceration of the pharynx, mandibular fracture, thyroid cartilage fracture, and facial fracture. No report of hyoid bone fracture associated with spinal column injury was reported in the English literature. The authors reported a 46-year-old male patient who complained of neck pain and odynophagia after a traffic accident. After systemic examination and cervical CT scan, the diagnosis of hyoid bone fracture at the right great horn and atlantoaxial subluxation was made. The patient was observed in ICU for 48 hours. A nasogastric tube was inserted for feeding. Fifteen milligrams of dexamethasone was given once a day for 3 days to reduce the swelling and pain. We performed a cutaneous traction for the subluxation and carefully watched the hyoid bone and the patient's respiration. No lethal complications occurred. Two weeks later, the patient was allowed to ambulate with cervical collar protection and to resume oral intake. Three months later, he was asymptomatic. This case, with hyoid fracture and atlantoaxial subluxation, is the only case reported in the literature. The importance of hyoid fracture, however, rests not with the rarity of it, but with the lethal potential of missing diagnosis. Nonsurgical management may be effective in most of the cases.     

鼻骨骨折螺旋CT3D成像与X线片对比研究

目的 评价螺旋CT扫描三维重建成像与X线摄片对比对鼻骨骨折法医学鉴定的价值。方法 使用SOMATOM BALANCE 1s螺旋CT机，对32例复杂鼻部外伤者2mm／2mm扫描，常规进行最大密度投影法(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)、表面覆盖法(SSD)、容积成像(VR)方式。全貌显示受伤鼻骨骨折影像，并与常规鼻骨摄片比较。结果 螺旋CT三维成像纠正3例X线照片的假阳性和6例诊断骨折类型不准确。结论 螺旋CT三维重建对诊断复杂鼻骨骨折块数目、移位，以及骨折类型优于X线摄片。     

Retrospective Analysis of Hanging Deaths in Ontario

Hanging deaths from investigation standpoint are rarely problematic. Unusual circumstances can on occasion raise suspicion of foul play. Associated neck injuries are reported in the literature with variable frequency (from 0% to 76.8%). This study retrospectively analyzed 755 hanging deaths in Ontario (Canada) to evaluate the demographic features and circumstances of hanging fatalities, and the frequency of hanging‐related neck injuries. A number of cases showed unusual/special circumstances (e.g., complex, double suicides, restraints). Among 632 cases with complete autopsies, hyoid and larynx fractures were present in 46 cases (7.3%) with the most common being isolated hyoid fractures. The incidence of cricoid fractures was 0.5% and cervical spine injuries, 1.1%. A higher incidence of neck injuries occurred among males, long drop hangings, and in cases with complete suspension. There was a tendency for the number of fractures to increase with increasing age and weight of the deceased.     

MSCT及图像后处理在鼻骨骨折法医鉴定中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及图像后处理在鼻骨骨折法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法采用MSCT对134例被鉴定人进行薄层扫描并行多平面重建(MPR)和表面遮盖成像(SSD)。比较MSCT与常规X线诊断结果。结果线型骨折55(41.04%)例,粉碎型骨折46例(34.33%),凹陷型骨折27例(20.15%),未见骨折6例(4.48%)。X线平片及CR片漏、误诊48例(35.82%)。MSCT正确诊断133例(99.25%)。两者诊断结果存在显著差异(χ2=45.0816,P<0.001)。结论MSCT及后处理图像应作为鼻骨骨折法医鉴定的主要依据。     

Frequency of laryngeal and hyoid bone trauma in nonhomicidal cases who died after a fall from a height

A retrospective study was carried out on 93 autopsy cases who died after a fall from a height. For each case, following parameters were reported: age, sex, manner of death, estimated height of fall, ground type, estimated site of primary impact, type of laryngeal and hyoid bone trauma, presence of associated local trauma in the neck and cephalic region. Mean age of the studied population was about 33 years. Sex ratio (men/women) was 1.8. Mean height of fall was about 15 m. Manner of death was, respectively, suicide and accident in 70 and 23 cases. The type of ground was concrete in 94% of the cases. The site of primary impact was, respectively, head, front of the body, back of the body, feet/lower limbs, and lateral body in 31, 26, 19, 12, and 5 cases. Cervical soft tissue bruising without laryngohyoid fractures was found in 5 cases. Laryngohyoid fractures were found in 5 cases. These fractures could be explained by direct impact of the neck structures against the ground. The mechanism of these fractures could also be indirect fractures due to high muscle strains on the hyoid bone or thyroid cartilage due to cervical hyperflexion or hyperextension or secondary to mandible or cervical vertebral column fractures.     

Patho-anatomic findings in neck structures in asphyxiation due to hanging: a survey of 80 cases

By examining 80 consecutive cases of death due to hanging, fractures of the thyroid cartilage or the hyoid bone or both, were noted in 45%. Fracture of the cricoid cartilage did not occur. No fracture occurred below the age of 25, and the frequency was slightly increasing with increasing age. There was a preponderance of fractures in males. The highest incidence of fractures was noted in typical hangings, while incomplete hanging to a very great extent was combined with congestion to the face, especially if the location of the ligature was atypical. Typical hanging in general did not produce congestion. The lividity in the declivous areas became fixed at the earliest after 5-6 h suspension time, while after 12 h almost all the cases demonstrated fixed lividity in the distal parts, especially in the legs. There is slight indication that the frequency of fractures increases with the length of suspension time.     

Neck markings and fractures in suicidal hangings

Over a 10-year period in which both a retrospective and prospective study of suicidal hangings was made, fractures of the thyroid cartilage alone, or the hyoid bone alone, or of both together were noted in 20% of the cases. In the prospective study, an incidence of 46% was found. This contrasts sharply with the incidence of 15% in the retrospective study. This wide discrepancy indicates the need for longer periods of a controlled prospective study by properly trained prosectors. Fractures were found in all age groups above 19 years of age and occurred whether suspension was complete or incomplete, whether the ligature was soft or hard, narrow or wide, and whether decedents did or did not jump from a platform. The higher incidence of fractures occurring among women is unexplained. The presence of reddish or pink bands or linear streaks (with or without superimposed abrasions) along one side of the neck, separated by bands of pale skin, canting upwards towards the back of the neck and revealing the imprint of a folded cloth permits the diagnosis of ante-mortem hanging in the absence of very strong proof to the contrary. As in any type of Medical Examiner's case, a knowledge of the circumstances and investigation of the scene are required before a final determination of the cause and manner of death can be considered.