国内与国际争议解决的异同——从宏观理论到具体语境的启示

相较于讨论争议解决中的普适规律,关注各领域争议解决的差异更为可取,其中主要应当落脚于美国"国内"争议解决、国际争议解决以及美国模式的移植三个方面。许多纠纷解决实例表明,文化因素和具体的语境在纠纷解决过程中起着很重要的作用,理论本身在国际争端解决实践中的意义其实相当有限。具体而言,研究冲突和冲突解决的结构的学说虽然各具特色,但是至今仍然没有提供能够应付所有情形的普适框架,相反框架本身却可能限制我们的视野。同时,不同的纠纷类型对应着不同的纠纷解决过程和第三方角色,目前,任何照搬不同类型模式的尝试都以失败告终。上述断言对于纠纷解决中的概念依旧成立。此外,纠纷解决中第三方本身的特质和纠纷解决参照的司法/正义标准也值得进一步研究。总之,无论是否可以建立完全普适性的纠纷解决理论,对纠纷解决具体情境的关注都将推动相关研究的发展。     

民事诉讼解纷机制中蕴含的正义

冲突的本质在于当事人利益的对抗,外化为双方意志的对抗。程序的纷争,可以通过纠纷主体选择合意或接受第三方或一方的决定方式解决。两种解纷方式契合了一定的正义理论,体现了个体私益、公共利益在诉讼程序中的运行。在具体的民事诉讼程序中,两种方式并不是完全区分开来的,在相当多的情况下,纠纷的解决需要两种方式的综合运用。     

程序正义之浅析

程序正义观念最早出现在英国,其理论建构却在美国形成。本文简要介绍了程序正义的基本要求及其价值。针对程序正义在我国缺失的现状,从内因和外因两个方面进行分析造成这种现状的原因,并提出了一些意见和建议。     

人本理念下的程序正义均衡模式考量

法律上的人本理念,就是对自由、平等、人权的确认和保障。它通过对人的深切关怀,唤起了人们的法律信仰和价值取向。而程序正义之冲突又频频引发出现实困境,本文从分析一则涉及程序正义冲突的案例入手,旨在程序正义冲突中注入人本法治理念,倡导"尊重人、关心人、为了人、服务人"的人本思想,通过启动现代性法治均衡模式来搭建一个良性对话平台,以消除程序正义冲突进程中的人本缺失,进而最终实现法定程序与人本正义的和谐共处。     

美国性骚扰纠纷解决机制研究

美国性骚扰纠纷解决机制由专门的单位内部纠纷解决机制、行政申诉程序制度和特殊的民事诉讼制度三个部分构成。单位内部性骚扰纠纷解决程序分为正式及非正式两种。行政申诉程序方面，设立了专门的纠纷解决机构，规定了’专门的程序，如“申诉案件优先处理程序”。在民事诉讼方面，从性骚扰案件的受理到证明责任分配、品格证据的运用等方面采取了特殊规则。同时，对诉前利用单位内部关于性骚扰纠纷解决机制是否为提起民事诉讼的必经程序也有明确的规定。三类纠纷解决方式的共同作用极大地促进了美国对性骚扰纠纷的妥当解决。     

对程序正义与实体正义之冲突关系的质疑

正义本身就是一个标表各种相互冲突的利益被合理平衡的概念,这种平衡可能动态地体现在某种程序中,也可能静态地体现在某一结果中,因此只存在程序是否合乎正义,结果是否合乎正义的问题,并不存在程序合乎“程序正义”,结果合乎“实体正义”的分别。人权保障和真实发现都是程序所必须平衡的利益要求,它们之间的冲突不应被理解为程序正义与实体正义的冲突。程序正义是结果正义的根据,它们之间也不存在冲突。     

论民间调解组织之重构

一、重构之必要性。法院属一种严格的制度性存在。正是这种严格的制度性存在决定了司法所输出的正义更多的是一种制度正义、程序正义。程序固有其价值,然而凡物“有一利必有一弊”,司法在追求程序正义的同时所伤及的往往是实质正义。民间自治自决式的纠纷解决方式所侧重的实质正义,然而由于自治而不能自足。自治如被强调至绝对程度会出现社会松散和解体的趋势,导致国家难以及于社会,使“上下二层皮”、“一放就乱、一统就死”的政治、经济领域内的怪圈在纠纷解决过程中挥之不去。域外诸国应对这一难题的措施是二者的相互独立与融合。一方面在保持诉讼程序的传统风格,维持诉讼程序的严格形式理性同时,将以实质理性为特征的调解、仲裁引入法院,使调解、仲裁过程中的交易行为获得司法     

从辛普森案和杜培武案看我国刑事诉讼程序正义的缺失

刑事诉讼是借助国家的力量解决刑事犯罪与良好的社会秩序之间的冲突,从而实现法律所追求的正义的手段。但是实体正义的实现需要程序正义的保障,程序正义的缺失必然会使实体裁决缺乏公信力和权威性。我国现有的刑事诉讼中程序正义的缺漏不容忽视,本文意从中美两个案件的比较中浅析中国刑事诉讼程序正义的缺漏。     

论诉讼程序中影响司法职权配置的五个因素

随着程序正义理论研究的深入和我国诉讼程序制度改革的深化, 特别是在当前程序正义实践过程中出现了一系列已经表面化的冲突之后,我们发现,程序正义实现的关键很大程度上表现为并取决于诉讼程序中的职权(含权力与权利)配置。无论是民事诉讼中的原被告双方平等的诉讼权利义务关系, 还是刑事诉讼中对控辩双方的特殊地位, 或是在行政诉讼中对行政行为合法性举证责任的特别安排, 无不都是     

多元化程序机制的解构主义论证

当事人主义和职权主义作为正义程序的两种模式,分别蕴涵了两种“中心主义”理念和“二元对立”等级。两种程序模式存 在着各自固有的结构缺陷,诉讼实践行动必将消解程序结构“中心”、颠覆“优位等级”。导致这种现象的根本原因在于两种唯理性设 计程序模式所固有的反理性本质,正义程序并非人之理性设计的产物,而是对社会纠纷解决实际所需机制的回应。没有一元化的正 义程序,正义程序的意义应撒向四方,多元化纠纷解决机制有其固有的合法性。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。