论“本质错误”——以罗马法为中心

在罗马法中,本质错误与身份错误、行为性质的错误、标的物错误并称为使行为无效的四种实质性错误。本质错误与材料错误相关又不等同于材料错误。本质错误的内涵见于D.18,1,9,2中的"醋为酒卖"案,是在社会经济功能影响下的标的物之内在特性发生错误。本质错误的外延见于"古杯"案及D.18,1,11、D.18,1,14等文本,涵涉了大部分的材料错误和性别错误,并可以作为一种兜底条款适用于那些对诸如艺术品价值、作者发生错误的情形。本质错误在近代演化为法国法的"实质错误"、意大利法的"本质上的错误"、瑞士法的"重大错误"、德国法和我国台湾地区法的"性质错误",在赋予法官自由裁量权的功能上,它们和中国大陆民法的错误制度殊途同归。     

对物诉讼与我国的船舶扣押法律制度

对物诉讼源于罗马法,却只在英国得到延续,并在其海事诉讼中得到巨大发展.随着英国殖民者将对物诉讼制度带到其殖民属地,移植法律与本地法律互相作用,逐渐发展出英美法系各国目前各具特色的扣船制度,其中最有代表性的莫过于英美两国的对物诉讼制度.我国的扣船制度既坚持了对人诉讼的传统,又大胆吸收了对物诉讼制度的合理内涵,反映了国际船舶扣押立法中对人诉讼与对物诉讼相互融合的良性发展态势.     

论物权请求权的性质——以物权请求权与罗马法诉权之关系变迁为视角

物权请求权发轫于罗马法的诉权,凭借对物之诉和对人之诉存在于罗马法中。在部门法运动和中世纪法学理论的推动下,物权请求权分立于罗马诉权。尽管物权请求权承继罗马诉权的程序功能,且得诉权之行使方可实现,但是物权请求权非因之而附着于诉权,而是独立于诉权,发展为横跨实体权利与诉讼程序之间的桥梁,为物权的顺利实现提供服务和保障。但物权请求权不附属于物权,也非物权的效力所致,它是异于物权的,在物权存续期间,于一物的同一类型的物权请求权因同质的侵害行为会反复出现,但基于物权请求权的相对性和相对人的变化,此时的物权请求权与彼时的物权请求权并非同质,物权请求权是一种相对独立于物权的请求权。正是基于物权请求权的此等属性,物权请求权才可能成为诉讼时效的客体。     

物权法定原则

物权法定原则决定了物权法的基本性质与特征,也严格地限制了当事人在创设新型物权、改变既有物权之内容等方面的意思自由。物权法定原则的内涵是指物权的种类、内容、效力以及公示方法由法律规定,原则上不能由法律之外的规范性文件进行规定,也不能允许当事人自由创设物权的种类以及确定物权的内容、效力和公示方法。作者比较了物权法定模式的表述方式和基本功能,并认为我国物权法中物权法定中的“法”应当被主要限定为法律;司法解释应当具有一定的创设物权的功能;判例不能创设物权。当事人关于物权设定的约定违反物权法定原则的法律后果,应当根据不同的情况来确定。     

法医学论文摘要的写作特点

目的探讨法医学论文摘要特别是英文摘要的写作方法。方法对目前国内医学杂志和法医学杂志的论文摘要进行分析比较和举例说明。结果国内医学杂志采用结构式摘要的写作方法，而国外法医学杂志一般采用叙述式摘要的写作方法。结论英文摘要是国际间信息交流的桥梁，掌握英文摘要的写作方法对于法医学者来说是十分重要的。     

Mitochondrial DNA typing--a new level for solving identification problems in forensic medical expert identification of unidentified remains of victims of terrorist acts in Moscow and the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic

Two large-scale episodes described in this paper reflect the first in Russia use of molecular genetic matrilinear markers (analysis of polymorphism of sequences of amplified fragments of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable locuses) in solution of a complex identification problem: forensic medical identification of unidentified fragments of victims of explosions of houses in Moscow in September, 1999, and of soldiers dead in the war conflict in the Chechen Republic in 1994-1996. The results of this work and methodological experience gained in it essentially extend the potentialities of expert studies as regards forensic medical identification of victims of large scale disasters, terroristic acts, and war conflicts.     

Confidence in the police in Latin America

The study of confidence in the police in Latin America is rare, partially for lack of interest and partially for lack of reliable data. Social, economic, and political instability in those countries also contributes to the problem. Relying on data from the World Values Surveys 1995-1997, the current research proposed a theory of the police in transitional societies and reported the results of analyses of confidence in the police in nine countries of Latin America. The levels of confidence in the police in the nine Latin American nations were compared with that of the U.S. The inclusion of a heterogeneous set of control variables in the multivariate analysis yielded several consistent predictors of confidence in the police. Similar to the findings in the U.S., confidence in the police in Latin America was part of the broader attitude complex. Different from the findings in the U.S., confidence in the police was positively related to one's employment status and religiosity, and negatively to income.     

喀什师范学院,新疆喀什844000

贿选是当前严重危害政治民主的腐败现象。现行法律中将贿选视为破坏选举罪的行为方式之一,然而,贿选的社会危害性远不是破坏选举罪所能涵盖的。贿选与贿赂罪在罪质上具有同一性,在行为方式上具有相似性,为切实发挥法律对贿选的遏止作用,建议单独设置选举贿赂罪,并将其归之于贿赂罪这一类罪名中。     

Diagnosing death by drowning in fresh water using blood strontium as an indicator

The interpretation of the level of strontium (Sr) in blood has been demonstrated to be useful in the diagnosis of death by drowning occurred in sea water, but its use in fresh water drownings is not so evident because of the low Sr concentration present in most of fresh water media. In this paper, we show a survey of the results obtained in the casework analysis of Sr in ventricular blood used in the diagnosis of drowning in 144 bodies found immersed in fresh water over a period of 10 years. Thirty-two percent of the immersion cases examined could be diagnosed as drownings with a reasonable degree of confidence. It is thought that this percentage of positive diagnoses could be largely improved in the case of blood samples taken a few hours after death.     

Comparison of wound patterns in homicide by sharp and blunt force

A comparison of patterns of injuries between sharp force and blunt force homicide was performed. Male predominance was seen in both types of homicides. Most of the victims of sharp force were between 21 and 40 years and those of blunt force between 31 and 40 years. There was no difference in the incidence of victims below 20 years age, but blunt force was almost five times more than sharp force in victims of age above 60 years. Thorax was the commonest site to be involved in sharp force in contrast to head in blunt force. Hand and forearm were the commonest sites of defence injuries in sharp and blunt force homicides, respectively. The majority of the blunt force victims had lesions in only one region in contrast to involvement of 2-4 regions in sharp force. The majority of the victims were killed by acquaintances in blunt force, but criminals always prefer sharp force to kill their victims. Single weapon was more commonly used in blunt force as compared to sharp force. Knife and wooden/iron rods were the weapons of choice in their respective categories. Most of the victims of sharp force were killed outdoor in contrast to victim's own domicile in blunt force.     

11例脑皮质挫伤远区及脑干病变的光镜和扫描电镜观察报告

本文报告11例因脑外伤致死的案例。肉眼观察10例有轻重不等的大脑皮质挫伤；10例有蛛网膜下腔出血；3例有脑干出血；1例有视丘下部出血。光镜及扫描电镜下见大脑皮质挫伤10例；其余挫伤，在距大脑皮质挫伤3cm的脑白质6例，视丘下部8例，丘脑、中脑各6例，桥脑5例，延髓4例，侧脑室壁8例及视神经4例。镜下检查挫伤远较肉眼为多。10例神经细胞有不同程度变性、坏死及缺血性病变。9例大脑及脑干轴索、髓鞘有不同程度断裂、变性、排列紊乱、崩解及坏死，其中7例轴索断端查见收缩球。作者对脑外伤死因及法医学鉴定应注意的问题作了简要的讨论。     

物权请求权行使的正当性及其限度

物权请求权的正当性能够为考量物权请求权行使的限度提供充分依据。物权请求权行使的正当性可以从人性基础、物权请求权实现自由的功能、物权的人权属性、物权法的效率价值等方面得到充分证明。在实践中,我们可以参照"伤害原则"来确定物权请求权正当性限度。     

Detection of drugs of abuse in simultaneously collected oral fluid, urine and blood from Norwegian drug drivers

Blood and urine samples are collected when the Norwegian police apprehend a person suspected of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol. Impairment is judged from the findings in blood. In our routine samples, urine is analysed if morphine is detected in blood to differentiate between ingestion of heroin, morphine or codeine and also in cases where the amount of blood is too low to perform both screening and quantification analysis. In several cases, the collection of urine might be time consuming and challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate if drugs detected in blood were found in oral fluid and if interpretation of opiate findings in oral fluid is as conclusive as in urine. Blood, urine and oral fluid samples were collected from 100 drivers suspected of drugged driving. Oral fluid and blood were screened using LC-MS/MS methods and urine by immunological methods. Positive findings in blood and urine were confirmed with chromatographic methods. The analytical method for oral fluid included 25 of the most commonly abused drugs in Norway and some metabolites. The analysis showed a good correlation between the findings in urine and oral fluid for amphetamines, cocaine/benzoylecgonine, methadone, opiates, zopiclone and benzodiazepines including the 7-amino-benzodiazepines. Cocaine and the heroin marker 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) were more frequently detected in oral fluid than in urine. Drug concentrations above the cut-off values were found in both samples of oral fluid and urine in 15 of 22 cases positive for morphine, in 18 of 20 cases positive for codeine and in 19 of 26 cases positive for 6-MAM. The use of cannabis was confirmed by detecting THC in oral fluid and THC-COOH in urine. In 34 of 46 cases the use of cannabis was confirmed both in oral fluid and urine. The use of cannabis was confirmed by a positive finding in only urine in 11 cases and in only oral fluid in one case. All the drug groups detected in blood were also found in oral fluid. Since all relevant drugs detected in blood were possible to find in oral fluid and the interpretation of the opiate findings in oral fluid was more conclusive than in urine, oral fluid might replace urine in driving under the influence cases. The fast and easy sampling is time saving and less intrusive for the drivers.     

和谐社会建设与经济法创新

2006年,中国经济法学界按照建设和谐社会的总要求,围绕我国经济和社会发展中经济法问题展开研究,在领域的拓展、方法的创新、认识的深化等方面均取得了明显的进步,特别是总论中的理念、权利和研究方法研究,宏观调控法中的所得税法和计划法研究,市场规制法中的反垄断立法、消费者界定、证券业市场规制研究,跨领域制度中的涉农法律问题研究等。2007年经济法学研究有必要在论题的选择、方法的更新和交流的拓展方面作更多的努力。     

永佃权的历史考察及其当代价值

本文对中外永佃权的历史做了粗略的梳理 ,以期辨正学界对永佃权某些方面的误解。以此为据 ,进而阐明永佃权的当代价值。在考察中国和国外法律史的过程中 ,采用可靠的史料是重要的 ,而使用该国文化中特定的语言系统又是必须的。中国古代存在永佃制 ,但绝没有永佃权 ;中国的永佃制萌芽于隋唐而非秦汉或北宋 (英宗 ) ;永佃权虽然生成于私有制的土壤 ,但对我国物权法中的农地立法 ,仍有借鉴的价值。     

犯罪化基准论纲

犯罪化包括刑事立法上的犯罪化和刑事司法上的犯罪化。立法上的犯罪化是解决前实定法上的实质犯罪的犯罪化问题,司法上的犯罪化是实现实定法上的形式犯罪的犯罪化问题。立法上的犯罪化基准其根据是行为具有应受刑罚处罚程度的社会危害性,其原则是刑法的谦抑原则和合理性原则;司法上的犯罪化基准其根据是刑事违法性和社会危害性,其原则是刑法的谦抑原则和合法性原则。     

“民事证据裁判原则”辨识

证据裁判原则是刑事诉讼法中的一项原则。受刑事诉讼法理论的影响,证据裁判原则也在民事诉讼中被人们所提及。但基于民事诉讼的特定语境——民事纠纷性质、实体法属性、纠纷当事人关系、民事诉讼规范体系的特定性,证据裁判规范的要求就具有了与刑事诉讼法不同的意义和价值。其例外情形、原因及发生机理也有所不同。基于民事案件事实揭示的机理和民事诉讼法强调"谁主张谁举证"的举证要求,在民事诉讼中,证据裁判作为原则的意义和地位远不如刑事诉讼。对于如何认识证据裁判的规范地位和意义,无论是民事证据规范文本的规定,还是人们对例外情形的认识,都存在着一些误识。误识的主要原因是脱离了民事纠纷的特性,按照公法思维而非私法思维去认识证据裁判的意义。文章就此进行了澄清和辨析。在民事诉讼中,对于事实认定而言,更重要的是自由心证原则。     

日本法医学DNA的发展与现状

日本法医学DNA研究始于1983年,从整体上看,其发展历程即是欧美法医学 DNA发展史的缩影,在一些课题研究方面走在世界的前列.1991年成立DNA多型学会,1997年建立DNA鉴定方针,对一些问题做了有关规定与解释,以保证DNA鉴定的正确使用.     

急性心肌缺血再灌注时Bax的免疫组织化学研究

目的　为心肌缺血 /再灌注损伤所致心性猝死的法医学诊断提供形态学依据 ,方法运用免疫组织化学方法 ,研究Bax蛋白在心肌组织中不同区域的表达。　结果　对照组正常心肌组织无Bax蛋白表达。Bax蛋白再灌注 0 .5h后即可在缺血区域表达 ,且表达主要在心肌内层。再灌注 1h后可观察到Bax蛋白不仅表达于心肌内层且已经扩展至心肌的全层。再灌注 2h发现心肌外层表达明显强于心肌内层 ,随着再灌注时间的延长可以发现Bax蛋白的表达逐渐减弱。　结论　在急性心肌缺血再灌注中 ,Bax基因对心肌细胞凋亡的发生有着重要的作用 ,且可以作为心肌缺血再灌注的早期诊断提供一项辅助诊断依据。