美日同盟的转型与东亚安全秩序的建构

美日同盟是冷战时代的产物,在冷战中发挥了反苏反共的重要作用。冷战结束后,美日同盟在国际社会的角色转型、性质定位正逐步发生演变,并出现日益强化的趋势。冷战后时代,美日同盟的调整对东亚安全秩序产生了重要影响,一方面,它遏制和防范中国的发展;另一方面,它在一定程度上发挥了制衡作用,有利于防止东亚地区危机的爆发。以美日同盟为核心的东亚安全秩序并不利于东亚地区的和平与稳定,因此,要构建良性的东亚安全秩序,必须把以美日同盟为核心的美国同盟体系和作为新兴大国的中国并重,协调处理东亚安全事务。     

冷战后美国对朝鲜半岛政策的调整

以1991年苏联解体为最终标志,宣告了冷战时代的结束。苏联的解体,使美国解除了对其安全利益的最大威胁。美国亚太地区安全战略的重心从应付全球性大战,转变为处理区域性冲突。冷战后美国的亚太地区安全战略可以概括为：以前沿存在为基石,以双边同盟关系为     

结构、行为、朝核危机和东北亚安全

朝鲜半岛的危机迄今已断断续续持续了10余年,它有着深刻的结构性背景。后冷战时代,对朝鲜来说,以朝鲜战争为契机形成的半岛安全结构,已经由均衡的冲突结构演变为不均衡的冲突结构,这是朝鲜选择核开发战略的真正原因。美国在冷战后仍坚持“以同盟求安全,以对朝敌对保同盟”的传统观念,无意认真考虑东北亚的未来安全框架,使它自己和整个地区都陷入了安全困境。“9.19”共同声明已为解开困境画好了大致的路线图,但它需要美国认真履行,需要中韩两国更好地发挥平衡作用,也需要日本能够真正拿出对本地区负责的态度,如此才能最终为本地区的和平与稳定带来美好前景。     

关于美日、美韩同盟的几点思考

正目前,伴随美国亚太再平衡战略推进,美日、美韩同盟呈现出三个新的变化,即同盟展开"三扩",即扩边、扩容、扩功。扩边,指的是在强化双边同盟的同时,谋求推进三边互动。扩容,指的是在强化同盟传统军事内涵的同时,为同盟注入新的、非传统安全内容。扩功,指的是随着美国亚太再平衡战略的展开,美日、美韩同盟在功能上进行拓展。美日、美韩同盟诞生于冷战最初的岁月,至今已经运行六十余载,不管我们是否愿意,美日同盟、美韩同盟都是我们思考东北亚安全战略时不折不扣的硬结构。因此,我们需要以冷静理性的态度对美日、美     

后冷战时期日本与东盟安全合作的演变

冷战时期日本和东盟间的经济合作为后冷战时代双方的安全合作奠定了物质基础。日本为了成为一个政治和军事大国,在安全上减少对美国的依赖并制衡迅速崛起的中国,在冷战后积极加强与东盟的安全合作。双方在传统和非传统安全方面都展开了深入的合作。而日美同盟及东盟对日防范心理则是双方安全合作的主要制约因素。     

亚太地区安全结构转型与东盟的角色

冷战结束后,亚太地区的安全结构经历了巨大的变化,特别是当前中关两国在亚太地区发生"权力分享"乃至"权力转移"之际,亚太地区安全结构的调整尤为显著。一方面,以美国为枢轴的"同盟型"结构经历了由"轮辐体系"向"网络化"的转型,形成了新的同盟、准同盟和潜在同盟的层次化布局;另一方面,以中俄为代表的新兴经济体在强化原有的"协作型"安全架构的同时,又通过"一带一路""欧亚联盟"等战略性倡议重塑亚太乃至整个欧亚大陆的地缘战略态势。作为亚太地区安全结构中的"第三股力量",东盟通过对一系列多边安全机制的建设,既为两种大国主导的安全架构提供了对话平台,也已成为实现未来亚太地区整体性安全架构的可行性路径之一。与此同时,由于大国战略竞争的加剧,逐渐侵蚀了东盟聚合力、中立性乃至在整体性安全架构中的"中心地位"。未来亚太地区安全架构的解构和重构需要中关找到新的战略共识,并对东盟的中心地位进行"再确认"。     

布什与小泉政府时期的美日军事同盟

20 0 1年美国布什总统与日本小泉首相相继上任。美日双边关系也发生了深刻变化 ,具体表现在“集体自卫权”的行使与“有事法制”的立法上。由美国全力推动、日本积极响应的美日同盟得到进一步强化。美日军事同盟的进一步强化 ,造成无法克服的一种“安全困境”。如何通过多方的合作 ,实现共同安全 ,是冷战结束以来摆在各国面前的新课题。“合作安全”作为一种新的模式有其存在的合理性。     

美国对日安全战略的重大调整

美国对日安全战略的重大调整席来旺美国总统克林顿４月访日，并与日本首相共同发表《日美安全保障联合宣言》，表明美国基本上实现了冷战后对日安全战略的重大调整。一美国对日安全战略的调整，是为了应付冷战后美日同盟面临的问题，这经历了三个发展阶段。（一）世界格局...     

美国的同盟体系及其功效

美国的同盟体系在冷战后虽备受质疑，但迄今仍大而不倒。本文从同盟的增力作用与制约作用入手，着重分析了其在维护美国实力和影响力方面发挥的作用。美国同盟体系不断调整职能以适应形势变化，其任务多样化与制衡地区化的趋势值得关注。     

美国亚太安全战略中的美韩军事同盟

美韩军事同盟是研究美国亚太安全战略的一个至关重要的分析变量。本文的重点在于探讨战后以来美韩军事同盟的结构调整与功能转化 ,特别是该同盟在由“双重遏制”向“双重规制”转变的过程中所体现出来的历史延续性 ,以求对冷战后美韩同盟关系的性质及其发展前景有一个清晰的认识。本文认为 ,美韩同盟作为“战略稳定的杠杆”将继续在美国的亚太安全战略中扮演关键角色。     

European small states' military policies after the Cold War: from territorial to niche strategies

This article looks at the evolution of European small states' military policies after the Cold War. Traditionally, small states faced a security dilemma between favouring influence and guaranteeing sovereignty. These security options were embodied by the strategy of alliance and the policy of neutrality. This article argues that in today's unipolar world small states' security policy must be cooperative either in the form of joining a security institution or an ad hoc coalition. This has two consequences for small states' military policies. These can either favour niche or lead/framework nation strategies. This in turn, depends on the strategic ambitions of the small states, which are ultimately mediated by their strategic culture. This article concludes by looking at the military policies of Cold War neutral states after the Cold War.     

The Military and SocietyBeyond the Postmodern Era

The degree to which the international security environment had changed after the Cold War became evident with the attacks on September 11. As a result, military forces in the United States (and perhaps in the West generally) are evolving from their Cold War and immediate post-Cold War perspectives to confront transnational and subnational non-state dangers. These changes have significant implications for military professionalism and the relations between the military and society. They are explored through a modified “Postmodern Military” model, called here the “Hybrid” model.     

试析冷战后印度对非洲的外交政策

印度和非洲国家长期以来一直保持着密切的联系。冷战结束以后，随着国际体系和非洲形势的变革，印度对于非洲的政策出现了新的趋向。印度加强了与非洲在能源、经济、政治、军事等领域的合作。印度试图通过加强双边合作，旨在确保本国的能源安全、促成政治大国的目标实现以及巩固军事安全。     

Blurring the Dividing Line: The Convergence of Internal and External Security in Western Europe

Abstract

A distinctive feature of the security landscape in western Europe of the post-Cold War era is that the dividing line between internal and external security has become increasingly obsolete—mainly as a consequence of the growing importance of transnational as well as other challenges to security which defy the distinction between domestic and international security. This article examines this convergence of internal and external security agendas from the perspective of the coercive apparatus of western European countries, pointing to a militarisation and externalisation of policing, and an internalisation and ‘policisation’ of soldiering: while police forces are taking on military characteristics, and are extending their activities beyond the borders of the state, military forces are turning to internal security missions, and are adopting certain police features. Moreover, agencies which have traditionally been located at the interface between police and military forces, i.e. gendarmerie-type or paramilitary forces, are assuming an increasingly important role.     

Force Size for the Post-Westphalian World

The quality of the U.S. military has improved steadily since the end of the Cold War, but technological and managerial advancements cannot compensate for the inadequate size of the American armed forces. The post–Cold War years saw a shift from the Westphalian, state-ordered world to one where Western states are at war with transnational, substate terrorist groups. This requires adjustments in the American military establishment. Improvements in quality must be matched by an increase in quantity in order to meet U.S. security needs. As interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq have proven, a minimalist force may be sufficient to win a war, but where nation-building is required, it will find it difficult to win the peace.     

Wheeled Warriors: Explaining Variations in the Use of Violence by Private Security Companies in Iraq

This article engages one of the most widely discussed but poorly understood aspects of the Iraq War: the use of violence by private security companies. It explains why, despite sharing several important characteristics—coming from the same general population of military and police veterans, working for the same client during the same time period, performing the same tasks under the same client-imposed rules of engagement, and facing the same kinds of threats in the same general operating environment—the personnel who worked for Blackwater, the chief protector of US State Department employees in Iraq, killed and seriously injured far more people than their counterparts in DynCorp. The article argues that Blackwater's personnel killed and seriously injured far more people in Iraq than their DynCorp counterparts because Blackwater maintained a relatively bellicose military culture that placed strong emphasis on norms encouraging its security teams to exercise personal initiative, proactive use of force, and an exclusive approach to security, which together motivated its personnel to use violence quite freely against anyone suspected of posing a threat. If the trends established during the Iraq and Afghan Wars continue, then private security companies will see extensive employment in future conflicts. These findings, consequently, have implications that extend beyond the Iraq War and the particular firms under study. Indeed, they indicate that governments and other future clients should analyze the military cultures of the firms vying for their business and use the results as a basis for deciding which firms to hire and, to a great extent, represent them in unstable conflict zones.     

Conflict art: scholars develop the tactical value of cultural patrimony

Historically, empires recruited scholars to capture artworks as a complement to military victory. Over the past century, cultural scholars have integrated fine art and antiquities into campaigns of conquest and assessed the political ramifications of damage to historic sites and religious monuments in military intervention. Consequently, historians, archaeologists and legal scholars have advanced the role of cultural patrimony in international conflict from a rite of conquest to a means of combat. In World War II, art historians in the Nazi regime planned plunder of artworks and destruction of historic structures as a tactic for conquest. During the Cold War, archaeological discoveries in developing nations enabled looting of cultural artifacts, and subsequent legal studies on the transfer of cultural property developed the value of cultural patrimony in the covert battle for control of the Third World. Since the Cold War, as transnational organized crime and terrorism exploit antiquities trafficking and target cultural sites in acts of political violence, scholars in international relations have considered culture in security theories. Across the three periods of international conflict, cultural scholars have actively developed the tactical value of cultural patrimony and played a role in transforming the perception of plunder in the context of military victory.     

印度对南海争端的介入及其影响评估

冷战后,随着国际格局的调整,印度在对外战略上实行了＂东进＂政策,试图通过发展与东南亚国家的经济、军事安全等方面的合作,为其大国理想的实现奠定基础。在＂东进＂政策下,印度逐渐以联合军演、出售武器等方式介入到南海争端中,给本来就复杂的南海争端增添了变数。本文对印度介入南海争端的原因、手段做探索研究,并对其影响做出评估,以期为我国的南海争端对策提供参考。