美国并吞菲律宾过程中在香港之部署——以美国领事活动为中心

香港沦为殖民地后,美国在港活动愈趋频繁。时至美西战争前夕,美国驻香港总领事的委任及其活动为美国军事行动提供了重要支援;在港英当局奥援下,美国方面对菲律宾香港委员会开展舆论、情报及司法等斗争,并思考战后如何利用华人开发菲岛;为策应香港部署,广州、上海、新加坡与马尼拉等地美国领事与香港展开合作,加速并吞菲律宾。上述行动构成美国在东南亚扩张的重要环节,香港成为美国在远东扩张之战略要点,是菲岛以外不见硝烟的"战场"。     

马科斯政府时期美国政府与菲律宾基督教组织关系探讨

马科斯政府时期,由于菲律宾基督教教会活跃的“入世”表现,加之马科斯政权实施军管法引起人权状况恶化,以及政府对基督教人员、财产等权益的侵犯,菲律宾政府与基督教组织的关系经历了从合作到对抗的变化。这一时期,美国政府对待菲律宾基督教组织的态度也发生了变化:从忽视到逐步重视,从观望到接触、援助、施加影响,而菲律宾基督教组织也希望借助美国政府向马科斯政府施压,推动结束军管并恢复正常的政治局面。美国政府力促菲律宾基督教组织恪守“政教分离”和“非暴力手段”的原则,关注并默许基督教组织与反对派势力合作,最终菲律宾在1986年通过“人民力量革命”实现了政权和平过渡。     

Heirloom rice in Ifugao: an ‘anti-commodity’ in the process of commodification

We analyse the marketing of ‘heirloom rices’ produced in the Cordillera mountains of northern Luzon, the Philippines, as the commodification of a historical ‘anti-commodity’. We contend that, historically, rice was produced for social, cultural and spiritual purposes but not primarily for sale or trade. The Ifugaos were able to sustain terraced wet-rice cultivation within a system of ‘escape agriculture’ because they were protected from Spanish interference by the friction of terrain and distance. ‘Heirloom rice’ is a boundary concept that enables social entrepreneurs to commodify traditional landraces. We analyse the implications for local rice production and conservation efforts.     

巫术的世界观:菲律宾阿拉安人的精神信仰和巫术治疗

本文探讨了菲律宾民都洛岛山区原住民阿拉安人的世界观、精神信仰和相应的巫术仪式。阿拉安人经常举行巫术仪式,向神灵求助,以便让病人得到善灵的救治,或让善灵祓除人们遭遇的灾祸。阿拉安人的世界观是善与恶二元对立的,它很好地解释了巫术治疗的原理,即通过巫术仪式来呼唤善灵、驱赶恶灵,从而达到治疗的目的。本文通过大量对于神灵信仰和仪式语言等细节的深描和分析,诠释了在巫术治疗领域,阿拉安人的观念层面与行为实践之间是如何互动的。     

Is more institutional coup-proofing better or worse for regime protection? Evidence from the Philippines, 1986–1987

Is more institutional coup-proofing (ICP) better or worse for leaders’ chances of political survival? Are coups less or more likely to occur and succeed as a state’s military structure becomes increasingly divided into rival branches, organizations, and factions? The article evaluates two competing perspectives on the effectiveness of counterbalancing as a regime protection measure. Seeing strength in numbers and the prospects for divide-and-conquer tactics, most scholars take a more-is-better view, suggesting that higher levels of ICP should increase the effectiveness of counterbalancing. Some scholars, however, advance a more-is-worse perspective, suggesting that collective action problems confronting larger numbers of military organizations decrease the effectiveness of counterbalancing. Through a qualitative analysis of eight coup events in the Philippines during 1986–1987, strong evidence is found in support of the causal mechanisms and predicted outcomes for the more-is-better view.     

福建与大帆船贸易时代的中拉交流

由于以漳州月港为起点，马尼拉为中点，阿卡普尔科为终点的中国——菲律宾——墨西哥的大帆船贸易航路的开辟，福建在中国与拉丁美洲经济文化交流中发挥了桥梁作用。首先，大量的中国丝绸和瓷器通过福建输入拉美，不仅丰富了当地人民的生活，而且促进了拉美经济的发展；同时，拉丁美洲的白银也大量流入中国，对中国社会经济发展起了积极的作用。其次，天主教传教士沿着大帆船贸易航路来到福建，扩大了双方的宗教文化交流。第三，福建移民移居拉丁美洲，将中国文化传入拉丁美洲。     

菲律宾私立高等教育对我国民办高校的启示

菲律宾是世界上私立高等教育发展最具活力的国家之一,其私立高等院校历史悠久、实力雄厚,占高等院校总数的70%以上。本文通过对菲律宾私立高等教育特色的介绍,并结合当前我国私立高等教育发展实情,从监管机制、专业特色、师资队伍、办学经费等几个方面为我国民办高校提供启示和借鉴。     

解放神学在菲律宾：处境化与回应

解放神学是20世纪60年代诞生于拉丁美洲的一种基督教社会主义思潮,自诞生以来,对亚洲、非洲等第三世界国家天主教会的神学思想转变与社会实践带来巨大影响。一方面,解放神学直接推动第三世界国家的天主教会关注穷人的困境与国家的政治经济问题,探索穷人获得解放的途径;另一方面,解放神学不可避免地面临处境化与本土化的适应与挑战。菲律宾作为亚洲重要的天主教国家,菲律宾的天主教会在解放神学的影响下,积极探索解放神学对菲律宾社会的适应,对解放神学理论做出了新的阐释与发展,不仅极大地丰富了解放神学的理论,而且积极地推动了解放神学在亚洲社会的实践,对当代菲律宾的社会政治运动产生了深远影响。     

Brunei's strategic dilemmas

Abstract

This paper compares health policy trends in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand with the purpose of drawing usable lessons in reform. The study finds that governments in the region are rapidly privatizing the provision of healthcare at the same time as they are expanding the government's role in financing. The paper argues that expansion of public financing at the same time as private provision is misconceived as the combination would aggravate instances and severity of market failures peculiar to the sector. The dysfunctional trend is particularly evident in Indonesia and the Philippines. In Thailand, in contrast, the expansion of public financing has occurred in the context of a health system dominated by public providers, which has had the effect of restraining healthcare costs. Malaysia occupies a mid position between Indonesia and the Philippines on the one hand and Thailand on the other. All four cases underline the value of state capacity in designing optimal policies and implementing them effectively.     

教育“菲化运动”对菲律宾华文教育的影响

菲律宾独立后，在极端民族主义者的鼓动下，菲政府“掀起”了排斥华侨华人的“菲化运动”。中菲两国虽签署了旨在保障华文教育发展的《教育协定》，但“菲化运动”还是波及了华文教育领域，并使华侨学校几经面临被关闭的危险境地。为此，华侨学校成立了“校总”，带领华文教育界进行了长达20余年的抗争，最终教育菲化案还是被执行，华侨学校的华文课程调整；“双督察”制度得以滥觞；教育体制、目标和性质也发生了根本变迁，教育“菲化运动”对华文教育的影响是极其深远的。