Russian PNR system: Data protection issues and global prospects

The usage of Passenger Name Record (PNR) for security purposes is growing worldwide. At least six countries have PNR systems; over thirty are planning to introduce them. On 1 December 2013, a Russian PNR system will be implemented. But enhanced collection of personal data leads to increased surveillance and privacy concerns. Russian authorities state that passengers' rights will be respected, but a closer look at the Russian regime reveals a number of critical points. From a global perspective, the Russian regime is only one of many PNR systems, including new ones to come in the future. Apparently, for the majority of them, similar challenges and problems will apply. At the same time, for the EU, with its strict data protection requirements, PNR requests by third countries (i.e. non-EU countries) create conflicts of laws. In order to resolve them, the EU concludes bilateral PNR agreements. However, the current deals, especially the one between the EU and the USA, involve a number of weaknesses. Accepting the latter, and having a pending proposal on the EU PNR system, the EU has weakened its position in negotiations with third countries. How will the EU deal with the Russian as well as with all the future requests for PNR? This paper provides legal analysis of the Russian PNR regime, pointing out common problems and giving prognosis on the global situation.     

APEC–A Boost for Sino-Russian Economic Cooperation

正THE Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,APEC,is the highest-level inter-governmental mechanism for economic cooperation in the AsiaPacific region.China and Russia,who joined in 1991 and 1998 respectively as sovereign states,have deepened bilateral economic cooperation and that with other nations in the region on this important platform.With the steady improvement in their national strength,the two countries now have     

长吉图开发开放与吉林省对俄经贸发展前景分析

2009年国务院批复长吉图开放开发先导区规划,为吉林省发展对俄贸易提供了新机遇。该规划的实施将大力推动中俄互市贸易区、中俄产业合作园区、中俄经济走廊及物流体系的形成和发展,为吉林省对俄贸易在政策保障、资源利用、实力支撑、旅游产业以及科技交流等方面带来了新契机。     

当代俄罗斯贫富分化的危机与超越

俄罗斯由转型而引发的贫富差距问题,对社会造成了许多负面影响,比如,道德规范下降,公民淡漠政治,公信力大大降低等。现如今,俄罗斯的贫富差距并没有消除,但整个社会形势却不断好转,人民的乐观情绪不断增长,国家也在稳定中不断走向复兴。从这些现实状况来看,俄罗斯社会似乎摆脱了贫富分化的纠结,已然超越到了另一个发展阶段。俄罗斯转型期的公共政策、阶层分化模式、阶层状况等一些措施与现实,不失为解释这两种情势变换更迭的有效途径。     

国际金融危机背景下俄罗斯低收入群体的生活水平

国际金融危机背景下,俄罗斯居民购买力下降,需求受到一定程度的抑制。低收入群体的生活水平低下,他们中多数人饮食质量变差、生活耐用品占有相对缺乏、基本的医疗救助不足、社会心理沉重。其生活水平是可被民众接受的最低标准。加强社会保障和就业安置并加大对社会低收入阶层等弱势群体的扶助力度,不断完善社会福利与救济制度,是俄政府当前面临的最大任务之一,同时也给我们一定的借鉴和启发。     

关于加快黑龙江省对俄合作战略升级的思考

近年来,黑龙江省对俄贸易在全国对俄贸易中的比重不断下滑,地缘优势逐渐丧失。进入2011年,虽然从贸易数量上看,对俄贸易大幅增长,但从贸易内容、贸易形式上来看,还存在着很多问题和不足。俄远东地区是黑龙江省传统的经贸伙伴,黑龙江省正面临着来自日韩和国内其他省市的挑战,形势日趋严峻。如何进一步挖掘潜能,发挥优势已成为黑龙江省开展对俄合作的重要课题。     

统一俄罗斯党形成过程浅析

统一俄罗斯党作为俄罗斯政治舞台上最具影响的政治力量之一,在普京总统任期内是亲总统的政权党。随着普京任总理并公开宣布担任党的主席,统一俄罗斯党进入新的发展时期。统一俄罗斯党的成立见证了"统一"与"祖国—全俄罗斯"两大杜马选举团关系的重大转变:由选举前的对立转变为选举后的统一。该党的成立是总统选举前国内政治形势的体现,是杜马选举中两大政治势力角力的产物,是普京任总统后多股政治力量联盟的结果。     

俄罗斯劳动关系与劳动立法现状及几点启示

俄罗斯在推行自由市场经济改革的过程中 ,企业的劳动关系发生了根本性变革 ,这些变革对劳动立法及未来走向产生了深远的影响。本文对俄罗斯的劳动关系与劳动立法现状进行了概括性描述 ,并提供启示。     

俄罗斯的行刑社会化制度

根据俄罗斯现行刑法典和刑事执行法典的规定 ,俄罗斯的行刑社会化制度 ,包括不将被判刑人与社会隔离的刑罚的行刑社会化、剥夺自由刑的行刑社会化 ,假释和缓刑四项内容。规定行刑社会化制度的目的 ,在于组织社会力量参与对服刑罪犯的惩罚与改造 ,使其回归社会后能够适应正常的社会生活 ,不重新犯罪     

Transnistrian strategy in the context of Russian–Ukrainian relations: the rise and failure of ‘dual alignment’

Abstract

The diversification of allegiances with several more powerful states is seen as a way for minor actors to improve their strategic position in the international system. The result, however, could become less than desirable when these relations are both essential and contradictory. This article intends to examine the challenges for Transnistrian foreign policy through the concepts of bandwagoning and balancing. It uses alternative neorealist perspectives to identify various types of alignment and then examines how this landlocked territorial entity attempts to use relations with Russia and Ukraine to protect its statehood and identity in the context of the ongoing threat from Moldova. This article identifies that twice in the last decade (after the Orange Revolution and Euromaidan), the strategy of ‘dual alignment’ failed. It claims that recent attempts by both the EU and Ukraine to weaken Russia’s position in the region by isolating Transnistria has led to a further strengthening of ties between this actor and Moscow.