新冠肺炎疫情期间公安法医应当加强尸体甄别和个体防护

因鉴定体制特点,公安法医除参与尸体有关的现场勘查工作外,还需进行尸体检验工作。在此过程中,可能面对很多风险,受伤和中毒等事件时有发生。然而,国内公安法医对新冠肺炎等传染病流行期间死亡的尸体如何甄别进行尸体检验鉴定,对现场勘查及尸体检验工作的防护只有少量规定,且内容不够详尽。本文对法医在现场勘查中遇到的尸体及尸体检验中实验室建设、职业现状、风险评估及防范措施等进行了论述。最后,建议出台相关的制度规定等具体约束规范措施,以保障公安法医现场勘查及尸体检验工作的顺利进行,以解除基层鉴定机构和鉴定人的后顾之忧。     

中小城镇发展问题的反思与转变

分析我国城市发展“小城镇，大问题”、“小城镇，大发展”、“小城镇，大战略”转变历程，反思中小城镇发展问题的战略路径，在新型城镇化背景下，重新回归到研究增强中小城镇发展问题上。依据城镇规模等级体系理论，研究得出了中小城镇建设在城镇体系结构和城镇化建设中的战略地位作用，提出了加快中小城镇建设发展的思路，地方政府要优化公共服务，统筹城发乡展，更好引导发挥企业和居民“以足投票”的作用，为完善城市体系结构和城市可持续发展提供新动力。     

300例冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者中医证型与血脂、血糖和心脏超声结果的关系

目的 探究冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者中医证型与血脂、血糖和心脏超声诊断结果等临床指标的关系，为中医辨证客观化提供临床证据。方法 共纳入300例冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者，观察并比较不同证型患者的血糖［空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose, FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2-hour postprandial blood glucose, 2hPG）、糖基化血红蛋白A1c（glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c）］、血脂［三酰甘油（triglyceride, TG）、总胆固醇（total cholesterol, TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C）］、血同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine, HCY）、血C-反应蛋白（C-reactive protein, CRP）及心脏超声诊断结果［（左室内径（left ventricular diameter, LVD）、左室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF）］。结果 不同证型的冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者FPG、HbA1c比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；阳虚血瘀证患者TC、TG水平最高，而气虚痰阻证患者LDL-C最高；不同证型患者2hPG、HDL-C、CRP水平比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。气阴两虚证、气虚痰瘀证、阳虚血瘀证患者HCY、LVD水平依次递增，而LVEF依次递减。结论 不同证型冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者血糖、血脂和心脏超声结果等临床指标存在一定差异。     

柴芍二至散治疗Graves病临床观察

目的 观察柴芍二至散治疗毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿（Graves病）的临床疗效及对谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase，GSH-Px）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA）的影响，探讨其治疗Graves病的作用机制。方法 将60例肝虚痰结型Graves病患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，每组各30例。对照组采用甲巯咪唑进行治疗，治疗组在对照组基础上加服柴芍二至散，两组疗程均为12周。比较两组中医证候疗效、甲状腺功能［游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（free triiodothylamine，FT3）、游离甲状腺素（free thyroxine，FT4）、促甲状腺激素（thyroid stimulating hormone，TSH）］、血清促甲状腺受体抗体（thyrotropin receptor antibody，TRAb）、GSH-px、MDA水平。结果 与对照组比较，治疗组血清中FT3、FT4、TRAb水平显著降低（P＜0.05），TSH水平显著升高（P＜0.05）；两组血清GSH-px、MDA水平均优于治疗前（P＜0.05），治疗组改善更明显（P＜0.05）；治疗组中医证候疗效明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 柴芍二至散治疗Graves病疗效显著，其机制可能与改善GSH-px、MDA的表达，调节机体抗氧化水平有关。     

加减薯蓣丸治疗轻中度肾精亏虚证老年期痴呆的磁共振波谱研究

目的 采用氢质子磁共振波谱（1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy,1H MRS）检查结合神经心理学量表的方法,评价加减薯蓣丸对老年期痴呆患者的治疗效果。方法 收集2015年12月至2017年4月湖北省中医院脑病科及老年病科的血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VD）及阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimers disease,AD）肾精亏虚证患者各20例,另选认知功能正常者20例作为对照组。入选老年期痴呆患者在内科治疗的基础上予以加减薯蓣丸治疗。对老年期痴呆患者治疗前后及对照组受试者进行简易精神状态评价量表（mini mental state examination,MMSE）、日常生活能力量表（activities of daily living,ADL）、痴呆证候分型量表（syndromes differentiation scale for dementia,SDSD）评估及1H MRS检查。结果 加减薯蓣丸显著升高VD及AD患者降低的MMSE评分（P＜0.05）,降低其升高的SDSD评分（P＜0.05）,但对ADL评分的改善作用无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。1H MRS检查表明,加减薯蓣丸显著升高VD和AD患者双侧额叶下降的N 乙酰天门冬氨酸（N aspart acetyl,NAA）/肌酸（creatine,Cr）水平（P＜0.05）,而降低双侧额叶升高的胆碱复合物（choline,Cho）/Cr作用无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。加减薯蓣丸对VD患者和AD患者MMSE、SDSD、ADL评分和双侧额叶NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr的作用差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 加减薯蓣丸改善轻中度老年期痴呆患者认知功能的机制可能与促进损伤的神经细胞修复有关。     

六味补气胶囊对慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型大鼠肺功能及炎症因子的影响

目的 探讨六味补气胶囊对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)模型大鼠肺功能及炎症因子的影响.方法 将SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常组,模型组,桂龙咳喘宁组和六味补气胶囊高、中、低剂量组,每组10只.观察记录大鼠一般状况;采用肺功能检测仪检测用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、第3秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in 0.3 seconds,FEV0.3)、FEV0.3占FVC的比值(FEV0.3/FVC)和呼气峰流速(peak expiratory flow,PEF);采用苏木精-伊红染色观察支气管肺组织的病理变化;采用ELISA法检测血清及肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中白介素-8(interleukin 8,IL-8)、白介素-1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的水平.结果 与正常组比较,模型组大鼠一般状况较差,肺功能降低,支气管黏膜皱襞减少、甚至脱落,黏膜下炎症细胞浸润增加,血清及BALF中IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α水平均明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,六味补气胶囊各剂量组和桂龙咳喘宁组大鼠一般状况及肺功能均有不同程度改善,肺组织病理改变较轻,血清及BALF中IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α的水平均明显下降(P<0.05);与桂龙咳喘宁组比较,六味补气胶囊低剂量组大鼠一般状况较差,肺功能降低,肺组织病理改变增加,血清及BALF中IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α水平均明显升高(P<0.05);六味补气胶囊中剂量组各项指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);六味补气胶囊高剂量组大鼠一般状况和肺功能改善较明显,肺组织病理改变较少,血清及BALF中IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α的水平均明显下降(P<0.05);与六味补气胶囊低剂量组比较,六味补气胶囊中、高剂量组一般状况和肺功能均有不同程度改善,肺组织病理改变较少,血清及BALF中IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α的水平均明显下降(P<0.05);与六味补气胶囊中剂量比较,六味补气胶囊高剂量组一般状况和肺功能改善较明显,肺组织病理改变较少,血清及BALF中IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α的水平均明显下降(P<0.05).结论 六味补气胶囊可以减轻COPD模型大鼠肺组织病理学变化,改善气道炎症,增加肺通气功能.     

Establishing a Social-Darwinist Mentality in Japan’s Paternalist State: The Potential of Resistance by a Counter-Public

ABSTRACT

From a historical perspective, the welfare net in Japan was established from above without democratic participation and expanded only slowly. This expansion in many cases was aimed at enhancing national cohesion, especially during war time. During the current neoliberal era, Japan’s paternalistic welfare state has been able to put into practice the dismantling of national pension and health-care systems without the need for any theoretical re-orientation. In response, counter-publics have engaged in protest and resistance. By doing so, the victims of modernization and those who are socially weak and disadvantaged in multiple ways are able to regain their self-esteem and personal integrity.     

Bacterial Cross‐contamination Potential Associated with Contaminated Currency

Previous studies have shown a significant amount of contaminants on paper currencies. It is important to study the transfer of microorganisms between paper currencies to determine whether it meets the level of a human health threat. This cross‐contamination potential was analyzed by seeding new US 1‐dollar bills with Bacillus thuringiensis, and pressing or rubbing them against clean currency to determine the amount of bacteria transfer to the unseeded currency. The transferred amount of bacteria was recovered, plated, incubated, and the colony‐forming units were quantified. Among the recovery methods tested, the most efficient method, vortexing for 10 min with a recovery efficiency of 40 ± 8.1%, was used in this analysis. The resulting transfer rates were 4.8%, 8.6%, and 14.3% when pressed for 24 h, 72 h, and rubbed together, respectively. These transferred amounts of bacteria are significant and have the potential to spread infectious diseases.     

Justifications for Non-Consensual Medical Intervention: From Infectious Disease Control to Criminal Rehabilitation

A central tenet of medical ethics holds that it is permissible to perform a medical intervention on a competent individual only if that individual has given informed consent to the intervention. Yet it occasionally seems morally permissible to carry out non-consensual medical interventions on competent individuals for the purpose of infectious disease control (IDC). We describe two different moral frameworks that have been invoked in support of non-consensual IDC interventions and identify five desiderata that might be used to guide assessments of the moral permissibility of such interventions on either kind of fundamental justification. We then consider what these desiderata imply for the justifiability of carrying out non-consensual medical interventions that are designed to facilitate rehabilitation amongst serious criminal offenders. We argue that these desiderata suggest that a plausible case can be made in favor of such interventions.     

电针激活Nrf2/HO-1通路抗帕金森病模型小鼠氧化应激的机制研究

目的 观察电针“风府”“太冲”“足三里”穴对帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease, PD)模型小鼠大脑纹状体中酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH)、核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)水平的影响,探讨电针治疗PD的可能机制。方法 将30只小鼠按随机数字表法分为对照组、模型组和电针组,每组10只。模型组、电针组小鼠按照30 mg/kg腹腔注射1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, MPTP)制备PD小鼠模型。电针组小鼠给予“风府”“太冲”“足三里”穴电针干预,每日1次,每次30 min,连续干预12 d。其余两组小鼠不予任何干预。采用爬杆实验和悬挂实验观察3组小鼠行为学改变,旷场实验观察小鼠自主运动总路程,免疫组织化学法检测小鼠大脑纹状体中TH表达水平,实时荧光定量PCR法检测小鼠大脑纹状体中Nrf2、超氧...