基于X线的活体骨骼年龄评定方法及其他技术

国内外通常利用X线片观察骨骼继发性骨化中心的出现和骨骺闭合程度的影像学特征来推断年龄。其中较常用的方法有计数法、计测法、图谱法、评分法及计算机辅助评定骨龄法等。目前国外普遍采用TW评分法。国内也有该评分法的应用报道。主要应用于体育和儿科临床实践中。法医临床学实践中常用六大关节判别方程法推断骨龄和活体年龄推断。其他还有利用牙齿内天冬氨酸的消旋化、骨密度检测以及端粒末端DNA片段长度的变化等年龄推断方法。     

X线片的骨骼年龄判定

目前,对儿童青少年骨骼年龄评价以手腕部及膝部较好,方法也较多,但主观性强,随机误差大。随着计算机图像识别及智能化技术的应用,将使得骨骼年龄评价更为客观、准确。对于成年人X线片骨龄推断,以胸骨、耻骨及锁骨等方法具有一定的应用价值,尚需更广泛的方法学研究以增加推断年龄的方法及准确性。本文介绍了X线片的骨骼年龄判定方法的现状及研究进展。     

论拆迁应遵循的法律原则及“钉子户”的解决方案

现在我国对于拆迁是以行政手段进行管理的,但是,拆迁行为在本质上是属于民事法律关系,是拆迁人和被拆迁人就拆迁范围内的房屋等财产如何进行补偿和对于被拆迁人如何进行安置而进行协商的民事合同关系,应当以民事手段解决拆迁纠纷。在拆迁过程中应当遵守民事法律的基本原则,即:当事人法律地位平等原则、自愿原则和协商一致原则、公平原则、保护合法民事权益原则。对于作为经营场所的市场的拆迁还应当遵守特殊的规则。对于在拆迁过程中出现的“钉子户”,也是由于拆迁合同订立的协商机制不科学不合理的必然结果。通过与所有被拆迁人订立集体合同而不是分别与其订立合同就可以实现被拆迁人之间的平等,从而消除“钉子户”现象。     

Withdrawal of Parental Responsibility: Lost Authority and a Lost Opportunity

This comment examines Re D (Withdrawal of Parental Responsibility), the first reported Court of Appeal decision on withdrawal of parental responsibility pursuant to section 4(2A) of the Children Act 1989. It demonstrates that the Court overlooked earlier Court of Appeal authority, resulting in tension in the Court's guidance. The comment criticises the Court of Appeal's characterisation of parental responsibility as entirely child‐centred and its uncritical acceptance that the child's welfare is the paramount consideration in applications for withdrawal of parental responsibility. It argues that such an approach may not adequately respect the parent's interests in retaining parental responsibility, especially in the context of an order which is more draconian in effect than a care order. The impact upon applications for removal of parental responsibility of the new presumption of parental involvement, which was implemented shortly after the decision in Re D, is also considered.     

拐卖妇女儿童罪的几个问题

拐卖妇女、儿童罪是一种严重的危害社会的犯罪,其保护客体是被拐取人的人身自由和本来的生活场所的安全。构成本罪,被害妇女的同意可以阻却违法,但儿童的同意则不能阻却违法。构成本罪也不要求有场所的转移。本罪是典型的目的犯,构成犯罪既遂时,并不要求实现特定目的。本罪是继续犯,在犯罪行为的继续中,有成立共犯的余地。从犯罪本质上讲,绑架罪、拐骗儿童罪与本罪的罪质都是一样的,三者构成了对人身自由和本来的生活场所安全法益的完整的保护体系。     

双向吸收—抑制改良试验检测人指甲内,ABH血型物质

本文应用96孔Ⅴ型微量酶标板，采用双向吸收-抑制试验对人指甲内ABH血型物质的测定进行了初步探索，对8例A型、8例B型、6例AB型和5例O型人的指甲进行了检测，其结果与已知血型完全相符。实验表明，用96孔Ⅴ型微量酶标板进行双向吸收一抑制试验，检测人指甲内ABH血型物质是可行的。     

BURDEN OF PROOF BEGONE

This article examines the tendency of emergency child removal decisions—by social workers, police officers, and judges—to become self-reinforcing and self-perpetuating in subsequent child protective proceedings. This snowball effect, as one court has referred to it, is widely acknowledged by lawyers who practice in juvenile court, yet is largely unknown beyond those circles. The article explores the causes and consequnces of this phenomenon in the age of the 1997 federal Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA), which converts every day that a child spends in foster care into one more tick of the clock in a countdown toward termination of parental rights. The article provides some background on the law and practice of emergency child removal in the United States today, analyzes the factors that make initial removals outcome determinative in many child protection cases, considers the implications of this phenomenon in light of ASFA, and identifies possible solutions.     

对《内罗毕国际船舶残骸清除公约》的再思考

2007年国际海事组织审议并通过了《内罗毕国际残骸清除公约》,此后国内大多数专家、学者主要围绕其提出的强制保险及直接诉讼制度开展深入研究,而对其他建设性内容却探讨甚少。公约其他内容,如扩大残骸范围、明确定位标记费用的承担者、采用即时强制制度等,对建立国内船舶残骸清除制度也具有较强的借鉴意义。通过对公约相关制度进行利弊分析,进而提出可供国内立法参考的有益建议。     

The utility of polyester and cotton as swabbing substrates for the removal of cellular material from surfaces

Various types of cotton and polyester fabrics were tested to ascertain the optimal physical and chemical characteristics of fabrics needed for the removal of cellular material from surfaces. DNA quantitation values obtained on dried saliva stains showed no difference between cotton and polyester across all constructions and solvent conditions. Fabrics used dry and with water yielded higher quantitation values than those used with isopropanol. Quantitation values were also higher for wovens and nonwovens than knits across all solvent conditions. Low thread count fabrics used with water yielded higher quantitation values, but no correlation between thread count and quantitation values was observed with dry fabrics. A low thread count woven fabric, however, outperformed other tested fabrics when swabbing object surfaces in a highly used room. Full DNA profiles from fingerprints on glass surfaces were obtained with low thread count woven and nonwoven fabrics but not with the knit fabric tested.     

A method for defleshing human remains using household bleach

Medical examiners and forensic anthropologists are often faced with the difficult task of removing soft tissue from the human skeleton without damaging the bones, teeth and, in some cases, cartilage. While there are a number of acceptable methods that can be used to remove soft tissue including macerating in water, simmering or boiling, soaking in ammonia, removing with scissors, knife, scalpel or stiff brush, and dermestid beetles, each has its drawback in time, safety, or potential to damage bone. This technical report using the chest plate of a stabbing victim presents a safe and effective alternative method for removing soft tissue from human remains, in particular the chest plate, following autopsy, without damaging or separating the ribs, sternum, and costal cartilage. This method can be used to reveal subtle blunt force trauma to bone, slicing and stabbing injuries, and other forms of trauma obscured by overlying soft tissue. Despite the published cautionary notes, when done properly household bleach (3-6% sodium hypochlorite) is a quick, safe, and effective method for examining cartilage and exposing skeletal trauma by removing soft tissue from human skeletal remains.