The Role of EU Internal Policies in Implementing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options to Achieve Kyoto Targets

This paper reviews the role of internal European Union (EU) policies and measures in implementing the target for greenhouse gas mitigation in the Kyoto Protocol. It starts with a discussion of the EU Burden Sharing Agreement, which distributes the target between Member States. This leads to a review of the appropriate level of implementation of policies, i.e. at the EU level or Member State level. There is a role for the flexible mechanisms of the Protocol, particularly emission permit trading, in complementing Member State policies at the EU level. The implementation is to be done against the background of three major factors which may have an important bearing on the policies: the probable long-term requirement of substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions a changing structure of energy markets, following liberalisation of the gas and electricity markets EU enlargement to include economies in transition with the potential for further substantial reductions in emissions.The paper concludes with a discussion of ancillary benefits of the policies that may be substantial and a summary of the position as regards the "unfinished business" of the Protocol to be discussed at the Conference of the Parties in the Hague in November 2000.     

梯度洗脱反相高效液相色谱法测定粉萆薢与绵萆薢中薯蓣皂苷含量

目的 建立粉萆薢和绵萆薢中薯蓣皂苷含量的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法 色谱柱：Gemini C18（250 mm×4.60 mm，5 μm）；流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液，梯度洗脱；检测波长：203 nm；流速：0.8 ml/min；柱温：30 ℃。结果 薯蓣皂苷与其他成分分离良好，色谱峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系，线性范围为7.8～156.0 μg/ml（r=0.999 4），平均回收率分别为97.99%、97.82%。结论 梯度洗脱反相高效液相色谱法准确、简便、重现性好，可用于萆薢类药材的质量评价。     

薄层色谱梯度展开法鉴别牡丹皮和徐长卿配方颗粒

目的:建立牡丹皮和徐长卿配方颗粒的薄层色谱鉴别方法.方法:采用10 cm×10 cm硅胶吸附剂薄层板和两种溶剂系统,梯度展开薄层色谱法.结果:荧光薄层板在254 nm下观察和显色剂显色均显示牡丹皮配方颗粒有丹皮酚和芍药苷特征斑点,徐长卿配方颗粒有丹皮酚特征斑点.结论:所建立的薄层色谱法专属性强,重复性好,能简单有效地实现牡丹皮和徐长卿配方颗粒的鉴别.     

杞菊地黄丸快检方法研究

目的:制定杞菊地黄丸的快检方法.方法:采用乙醇研磨制备供试品溶液,经薄层展开后,分别对丹皮酚、熊果酸、马钱苷进行定性鉴别.结果:丹皮酚、熊果酸和马钱苷均可用薄层色谱法(thin layer chromatography,TLC)快速检出.结论:所建立的方法快速、简便,可准确地对丹皮酚、熊果酸、马钱苷进行定性鉴别,可作为该制剂的快速筛检方法.     

全血中苯骈二氮杂类药物的胶束电动色谱法分析

目的建立用固相萃取胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定人体全血中苯骈二氮杂艹卓类药物的方法。方法全血以Oasis小柱提取,以克仑特罗为内标,采用未涂层毛细管(75μmID×50.2cm,有效分离长度为40cm),缓冲液为30mmol/LSDS→15mmol/L硼砂→15mmol/L磷酸盐(pH8.2)→18%甲醇。进样条件:压力进样0.5psi×10s,分离电压为25kV,柱温25℃,检测波长为230nm。结果本法分离效率高,9种苯骈二氮杂艹卓类药物的最低检测浓度为5～50ng/ml;血药浓度的线性范围为0.02～1.6μg/ml,日内、日间精密度<12%。结论本法简便、高效、可靠。     

GC／MS检测尿中4种苯氧羧酸类除草剂

目的建立尿中2，4-D、2，4-DP、MCPA、MCPP等4种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的分析方法；方法液液提取分离，乙醚为提取液，DCPA为内标，硫酸正丁醇酯化衍生化，气质联用分析法分析；结果尿中4种除草剂添加样品的相对回收率在80％以上，检测限都在5ng／ml以下，对中毒兔尿样进行了分析；结论对实际发生的中毒案件分析有足够的灵敏度。     

肝中对硫磷的固相萃取—电子捕获检测气相色谱分析法

目的建立肝中对硫磷的快速、灵敏、可靠的GC／ECD分析方法。方法肝匀浆加内标甲基对硫磷,用乙腈浸提,浸提液加6％高氯酸稀释,稀释的上清液用GDX403树脂进行固相提取,提取物用HP-5色谱柱和电子捕获检测器进行气相色谱分析。结果提取率92.3％,检测限7.8ng／g,线性范围0.04～4.0μg／g,回收率99.6％±6.2％(Mean±CV,n=5)。结论方法简便、灵敏适合于实际案件检验。     

HPLC测定复方丹皮酚凝胶中丹皮酚含量

目的:建立复方丹皮酚凝胶中丹皮酚的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为SHIMADZU VP-ODS(4.6 mm×150 mm, μm),流动相为甲醇-水(50∶50),检测波长为274 nm.结果:丹皮酚进样量为0.05～0.30 μg时呈良好的线性关系(r =0.999 8).平均回收率为100%,SD为0.87%(n =5).结论:PLC法可用于复方丹皮酚凝胶的质量控制.     

Fatal Intoxication with Methoxetamine

Methoxetamine (MXE) is a new synthetic drug of abuse structurally related to ketamine and phencyclidine. A case of a 29-year-old male with acute toxicity related to the analytically confirmed use of MXE is reported. The man was found dead at his residence. Biological material was analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration of MXE in urine of the deceased was 85 μg/mL. Despite the vial containing the blood sample being destroyed during transportation and the blood leaking out into the cardboard packaging, the blood level of MXE was estimated. After determination of the cardboard grammage (approx. 400 g/m³) and the mean mass of the blood obtained after drying (0.1785 ± 0.0173 g per 1 mL), the estimated blood concentration of MXE was found to be 5.8 μg/mL. The high concentration of MXE in blood and urine and the circumstances of the case indicate an unintentional, fatal intoxication with this substance.     

气相色谱/质谱检验合成大麻素K3中AKB48

目的建立较为快速准确的合成大麻素K3中AKB48的气相色谱/质谱检验方法。方法对进样口温度、初始柱温、柱流速及质谱采样率等4项色谱及质谱实验参数进行考察优化。结果 GC/MS检验合成大麻素K3中AKB48的优化条件为:进样口温度280℃,柱初始温度80℃,柱流速为2.0ml/min,质谱采样率为2。结论该方法具有快速、准确、灵敏等优点,可用于K3中AKB48的定性检验鉴定。