“辩诉交易”纵横论

诉辩交易产生于上世纪二三十年代的美国。采取辩诉交易可以使被害人因犯罪行为而遭受的损失早日得到补偿,也有利于修复被犯罪行为破坏的和谐关系。当然辩诉交易也有局限性,有时不利于查明案件事实真相,也有可能损害被害人的利益,也有可能有悖司法公正。尽管我国目前不存在引进美国式辩诉交易的环境,但这并非是说我国不能借鉴于辩诉交易,扬长避短一样可以为司法实践服务。     

中国引入辩诉交易制度的三重障碍

辩诉交易制度的基本机能在于规避诉讼风险,同时也有助于提高诉讼效率。但是,从背景来看,辩诉交易制度本质上是一项内生于英美对抗式诉讼模式的制度设计,其运行依赖于对抗式诉讼制度以及契约文化和实用主义的哲学观念,在我国引入辩诉交易制度应当要慎重。     

Effects of Individual Characteristics on Plea Negotiations Under Sentencing Guidelines

ABSTRACT

Research conducted on the decision points between arrest and sentencing is scarce. There is a need for research to examine processing decisions. This research attempts to fill in the gap of knowledge about case processing decisions by focusing on plea negotiations; specifically, the examination of the effect of individual characteristics on the prosecutor's plea bargaining decisions in a sentencing guideline state by using two dependent variables (negotiated plea vs. a non-negotiated plea and a three category dependent variable simultaneously analyzing negotiated pleas, non-negotiated pleas, and bench or jury trials). The results indicate that race/ethnicity, sex, and age of the offender did not predict the likelihood of receiving a negotiated guilty plea. Using multinomial logistic regression, it was discovered that demographic characteristics were predictors of the decision to negotiate a guilty plea compared to the bench/jury trial conviction. Black offenders were more likely than white offenders to have their case go to trial rather than straight pleading or negotiating a guilty plea.     

构建中国认罪协商制度研究

台湾地区的认罪协商制度有别于西方国家的“辩诉交易”,它独具特色,在许多方面值得我们借鉴。在中国当下,建立认罪协商制度不仅必要,而且可行。中国未来的认罪协商制度,应当在认罪协商的适用范围、认罪协商的内容、认罪协商的主体、认罪协商的程序、认罪协商的救济措施等方面作出科学、合理的构建,并建立起认罪协商制度的保障与监督机制。     

Race,Plea, and Charge Reduction: An Assessment of Racial Disparities in the Plea Process

With the growing recognition of the salience of prosecutorial discretion, attention to biases in the earlier phases of case processing is increasing. Still, few studies have considered the influence of defendant race and race/sex within the plea process. The present study uses a sample of felony cases to assess the influence of race and race/sex on the mode of disposition, similarities and differences in the factors that predict the likelihood of a plea across race, and potential racial disparities in the plea value received pertaining to a charge reduction. The findings suggest that blacks, and black males in particular, are less likely to plea, and are expected to receive a lower value for their plea. Also, the factors that predict the likelihood of a plea are substantively different across race. Conditioning effects of race and sex are found in the likelihood of a plea and probabilities of a charge reduction.     

The matrix of complex negotiations case study： Negotiating with the Chinese at a time of crisis

This paper seeks to outline the profile of the Chinese negotiators in light of the negotiations that took place during the month of October 2008 between a major Brazilian importer of manufactured goods, which the authors will call ＂Brazilian company＂ and six Chinese companies from the cities of Guangzhou, Pinghu and Hangzhou. The authors will provide succinct examples of stages in the negotiation process and seek to link them to the ten elements of the matrix of complex negotiations, namely： context, interests, options, power, cognition, relationship, concessions, compliance, criteria and time; There are four steps involved in the process： preparation, value creation, value division and execution.     

论刑事司法中公正与效率之均衡及途径

现代刑事司法中,公正与效率二者既相互统一,又时有冲突,如何求得二者之均衡,为刑事诉讼理论与实践所共同关注.辩诉交易,既能够有效地节约司法资源,提高诉讼效率,又能最大程度地保障公正价值的实现,是均衡公正与效率之最佳途径.引入辩诉交易制度,应为当今中国司法改革之必然选择.     

非公有制企业集体协商 ：问题、困境与对策

在我国劳动关系集体化转向的背景下,集体协商与集体谈判的区别、非公企业集体协商的适用范围、工会组织的角色与作用是推进非公有制企业集体协商亟待思考的深层次问题。当前,我国非公企业集体协商工作面临的主要困境是集体协商尚未成为非公企业劳资双方的强制性法定义务、集体协商尚未成为非公企业工会的核心工作、非公企业工会主席尚未在集体协商中发挥出关键性的作用以及各类主体在非公企业集体协商中所承担的角色亟待厘清。为进一步完善我国非公企业集体协商制度,在观念层面,应正确理解集体协商的实质性内涵及其重要作用;在工会层面,必须切实发挥非公企业工会的关键作用和各级总工会的领导作用：在立法层面,可以在条件成熟时制订修订相关法律法规。     

论集体合同的私法结构

集体合同是一种自治机制和市场机制,这种自治基础上的市场机制本身导致其与传统私法的合 同制度难以分离。从法教义学角度看,集体合同以私法合同的形式成立和消灭,对工会和用人单位或用人单位 联合会具有债权效力,这些都是私法现象;传统私法曾试图通过代理理论和有利于第三人的合同理论解释集体 合同对劳动者和用人单位的效力,但都不能自圆其说。为此,大陆法系国家承认了集体合同对劳动者和用人单 位的规范效力,并提出社团理论、国家授权理论、自治理论,分别从社会法、公法、私法的角度解释上述规范 效力。从中国集体合同制度发展的历史、社会经济基础和制度设计来看,私法的解释方案依然最优：集体合同 以合同的方式成立,通过职工（代表）大会的决议行为获得对全体劳动者的约束力,即规范效力。因此,集体 合同是一种私法上的制度。     

“HU 理论”在工资集体谈判中的运用构想探析

工资集体谈判制度是职工工资的民主决策方式,也是工会保障职工经济权益的重要手段。作为当前以改善民生为重点的社会建设的一项战略性任务,工资集体谈判在具体的实践过程中起到了一定的积极作用,尤其是在保障职工最低工资等方面成效显著。由于当前工会方的经济非独立性,从而使谈判话语权较弱,以及企业和职工对经营成果分配的不满等,导致谈判质量较低,特别是职工工资增长的谈判不够理想,从而使利益分配成为工资集体谈判的关键点。为此,针对工资谈判中的利益分配问题,本研究试图设计一个既能够满足企业的利益需求,又能够维护职工的正常工资需求的"工资联合确定模式",即在工资谈判中运用"HU理论",进行操作,实现劳资双赢,从而化解工资集体谈判在实践中的实施难题。