Justifying grounds for multicultural policies in Korea: universal human rights versus benefits of diversity

Multicultural policies often deviate from the principle of equal opportunity since it assumes exclusive policy target groups with extra budget and appropriate organization. If this is so, by what rationale can multicultural policies be justified? Why should we accept such unequal treatment as a procedural method to achieve a more equal society as the final goal? This paper examines justifying logic for multicultural policies that inevitably have an arbitrary aspect of state intervention. This paper first differentiates two kinds of logic, namely universal human rights and the benefits of diversity, which provide supporting rationale for the implementation of multicultural policies. We can witness from the US history that the benefits of diversity have increasingly become the main logic justifying affirmative action instead of liberal discussions on social justice and universal human rights of the 1960s. Korea also shows such a shift towards a utilitarian justification which has focused heavily on the benefits of diversity. However, the utilitarian rationalization for multicultural transition can be easily withdrawn when the benefits of ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity disappear, suddenly leading to unexpected discriminatory situations. In this context, this paper argues that discussion of normative justification is required, and such discussions need to be internalized among the citizens of a political community.     

技术侦查的确立对刑事诉讼目的的影响——从功利主义的观点出发

2013年1月1日正式实施的刑事诉讼法确立的技术侦查措施,是立法者诉讼理念的转变,将技术侦查措施的授权从普通法律提升到国家基本程序法的高度,有利于技术侦查规范化和法治化,对于刑事诉讼能够充分发挥打击犯罪与保障人权作用,具有重大进步意义。但囿于现阶段立法的不健全不完善,技术侦查措施在司法实践中亦将难施拳脚。文章将在对技术侦查措施对实现刑事诉讼目的利弊进行分析的基础上,运用功利主义的合理观点,从取证手段横向比较与"保护"和"侵犯"纵向权衡两方面,分析当前技术侦查措施对刑事诉讼目的的影响,并提出相应完善建议。     

社会正义理论:豪尔绍尼与罗尔斯的比较

两种最重要的社会正义观念———功利主义和平等主义之间有着紧密的关联。对它们的形式刻画的研究表明,其区别主要来自对偏好的人际间比较的不同假设;在实证基础上,它们对理性决策的预设也有着本质不同,特别是在不确定性情形下的信念方面。从高阶理论的角度看,区分局部适用场合是解决这两种观念在社会实践中冲突的合理途径,但其可行性不应被高估。     

Contractualism and the Death Penalty

It is a truism that there are erroneous convictions in criminal trials. Recent legal findings show that 3.3% to 5% of all convictions in capital rape-murder cases in the U.S. in the 1980s were erroneous convictions. Given this fact, what normative conclusions can be drawn? First, the article argues that a moderately revised version of Scanlon’s contractualism offers an attractive moral vision that is different from utilitarianism or other consequentialist theories, or from purely deontological theories. It then brings this version of Scanlonian contractualism to bear on the question of whether the death penalty, life imprisonment, long sentences, or shorter sentences can be justified, given that there is a non-negligible rate of erroneous conviction. Contractualism holds that a permissible act must be justifiable to everyone affected by it. Yet, given the non-negligible rate of erroneous conviction, it is unjustifiable to mete out the death penalty, because such a punishment is not justifiable to innocent murder convicts. It is further argued that life imprisonment will probably not be justified (unless lowering the sentence to a long sentence will drastically increase the murder rate). However, whether this line of argument could be further extended would depend on the impact of lowering sentences on communal security.     

贺麟的“合人情”理念及其现代价值

贺麟从＂合人情＂视角出发提出了一种新功利主义取向,认为＂合人情＂有一个从非功利主义到新功利主义的发展过程。功利主义与非功利主义本就不是矛盾的双方,体现在＂合人情＂上则要求新时代的儒者应发自本心,不仅要独善其身,而且要以大多数人的幸福为旨归为人处事;不仅要自尊自爱,而且要尊重他人的人格和福利,最终实现＂为天地立心,为生民立命＂的宏愿。贺麟的＂合人情＂理念有助于引导人们正确处理个人与他人、社会的关系,树立理性的人生观;有助于维持社会正常秩序,营造良好社会风气,增强群体凝聚力。     

边沁法律思想之研究

边沁所开创的功利主义法学派,从普通人的角度追问法律的本质,因之成为法学史上的重要流派之一。本文探讨了边沁功利主义哲学在其法学思想上的主导地位,研究了边沁法学上的个人主义方法论及其追求,涉及了边沁为推进法律改革所阐述的法律思想,并就边沁法律思想的意义进行了简要的评价。     

促进收入分配公平正义的政策选择——基于功利主义的反思

收入分配的公平正义是经济社会发展的核心内容，也是人类社会追求的理想目标。透过功利主义分配政策的反思，为建构公平正义的收入分配体系寻求政策支持，将有助于深化分配制度改革，推动社会的和谐发展。     

刑法基本原则的道德属性

刑法和道德是社会存在、发展不可或缺的两种行为规范，道德和刑法之间具有内在牵连，表现在刑法的各个方面，如刑事政策、刑事责任和刑法基本原则等。本文要探讨的是刑法基本原则和道德之间的关系，即刑法基本原则的道德属性：罪刑法定原则立足于功利主义，罪刑相适应原则奠基于人道主义，适用刑法平等原则是公正精神的表征。     

功利主义文化和关系文化对温州经济发展的作用

功利主义文化和关系文化是温州商业文化的两大特点。这两种文化特质在温州经济发展的过程中具有重要的作用,它们为温州经济的早期发展积累了大量的物质资本和关系资本,也为温州日后的经济发展奠定了坚实的基础。但是,这两种温州文化却面临着许多的困境和挑战,由功利主义文化引起的市场经济无序和道德混乱,以及由关系文化带来的对外来流动人口的排斥,在很大程度上阻碍了温州经济的发展。温州经济需要转型,而温州文化也同样需要一次新的转型。     

墨子“天志”、“明鬼”思想积极意义分析

"天志"、"明鬼"思想是墨子"兼爱"、"非攻"学说的重要组成部分,是墨子论证"兼爱"、"非攻"学说的重要的外在力量,是推行其学说的工具;鬼神观是道德力量中一个重要的外在约束力量;"天志"、"明鬼"思想也反映出了墨子的一种功利主义态度,认为敬鬼神既是对先人的尊重,又可以联络乡亲的情感;"天志"、"明鬼"思想反映了下层被压迫的人民的正义的要求,是"民志"的曲折表现,具有强烈的现实批判力量。