交通事故社会救助基金立法的若干思考

机动车第三者责任强制保险条例中规定了交通事故救助基金制度，但没有明确规定救助基金的运营和监管由哪个部门负责，也没有更具体的立法例可供遵循，所以一直未能得到有效实施，文章围绕交通事故救助基金制度的运作模式、资金来源、救助范围、代位追偿等提出几点意见，希望能引起业界同仁的共同关注，并促成该制度的付诸实施。     

中国速录教育面临的挑战与对策

本文针对中文速录教育发展步伐加快随之产生一系列问题：办学方向不明,培养周期设定不科学,素质、知识、技能结构配置不成比例,师资队伍施教能力、人才培养与市场接轨的吻合度差等,指出了中文速录教育面临的挑战,提出了三个突破中文速录教育瓶颈的对策：＂创新办学目标、创新教育方式、创新服务功能＂。     

截查暴力犯罪嫌疑车辆的常规战术研究

在截查暴力犯罪嫌疑车辆的行动过程中,警察往往处于“敌暗我明”的现场状态,行动中具有较强的对抗性和较大的危险性,因此要求警员在临战中应保持高度的警惕性。必须坚持“有备无患,攻防结合”的临战处置原则,牢固树立“依法、合理、有效使用武器”的指导思想。为严厉打击违法犯罪,尽可能保证警察自身安全,民警应养成严谨规范的执法行为,始终坚持“宁可信其有,不可信其无”的原则(这里“有”指犯罪行为并有加害警察的可能),民警在执行车辆查控的警务活动当中,在思想上应时刻提醒自己——“接近嫌疑目标就意味着危险的开始”,要克服恃勇轻进、尚勇轻谋、冒险蛮干的轻敌麻痹思想,努力做到有勇有谋、沉着应战。     

发挥高校思想政治教育服务社会的职能 加快海峡西岸经济区建设

高校思想政治教育是高校教育教学的重要组成部分,客观上也具有服务社会的职能。但其服务社会职能的发挥是与不同地方、不同历史时期党的不同工作目标与任务相适应的。本文充分肯定了高校思想政治教育在福建经济社会发展中的保证、协调和服务作用,同时针对加快海峡西岸经济区建设的新形势提出的新挑战,在总结福建高校经验的基础上,就如何发挥高校思想政治教育服务社会的职能提出几点建议。     

加工速度、工作记忆与心算能力的发展

以243名10-18岁儿童为被试,研究了加工速度和工作记忆与儿童心算能力发展的关系.验证性因素分析表明,加工速度、工作记忆与心算能力之间存在显著的相关.结构方程建模表明这种显著相关的实质在于三者之间可能存在一个递进式发展过程,即工作记忆能力几乎可完全解释儿童心算能力的发展变化,而加工速度可解释2/3的工作记忆能力的发展变化.这表明工作记忆是心算能力发展的基础,而加工速度可能是工作记忆能力发展的基础,但后者尚需要进一步验证.     

Regulating human control over autonomous systems

In recent years, many sectors have experienced significant progress in automation, associated with the growing advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning. There are already automated robotic weapons, which are able to evaluate and engage with targets on their own, and there are already autonomous vehicles that do not need a human driver. It is argued that the use of increasingly autonomous systems (AS) should be guided by the policy of human control, according to which humans should execute a certain significant level of judgment over AS. While in the military sector there is a fear that AS could mean that humans lose control over life and death decisions, in the transportation domain, on the contrary, there is a strongly held view that autonomy could bring significant operational benefits by removing the need for a human driver. This article explores the notion of human control in the United States in the two domains of defense and transportation. The operationalization of emerging policies of human control results in the typology of direct and indirect human controls exercised over the use of AS. The typology helps to steer the debate away from the linguistic complexities of the term “autonomy.” It identifies instead where human factors are undergoing important changes and ultimately informs about more detailed rules and standards formulation, which differ across domains, applications, and sectors.     

人工智能技术对专利制度的挑战与应对

人工智能在专利发明创造领域参与程度逐渐深化,对现行的专利法带来诸多挑战。一是人工智能算法的可专利主题。因人工智能算法看似与传统的数学算法一致而被视为“智力活动的规则和方法”,尽管存有争议,但从专利法促进新技术发展和“与时俱进”的时代使命出发给予其专利保护是较为务实的做法。二是人工智能时代的专利审查标准。针对传统专利性判断标准已在人工智能时代失灵,适当调整“专利三性”,确立适合于人工智能专利的“新三性”标准。三是人工智能生成发明权利主体的界定。在人为因素仍作用的弱人工智能时代,可以基于专利法中“二元主体结构”,承认人工智能作为发明人的资格,同时将专利权赋予人工智能开发者或管理者。四是人工智能专利侵权认定。在人工智能专利侵权责任承担主体上采取动态区分规则:区分人工智能不同的发展阶段;区分不同阶段人类介入因素的作用;区分不同阶段不同主体对侵权结果的作用等。     

视频方法鉴定车速的准确性研究

目的通过实验研究用视频方法鉴定车速结果的准确性及其影响因素。方法在选定的实验场地上,让实验车辆以一定速度匀速通过一段距离,使用高空、垂直、斜角和车载四个位置的摄像机同时录制,将车速计算结果进行比较。结果理论和实验数据分析表明,误差的大小主要取决于:车速和帧速率,车体上参考点和路上参考点的对齐效果,还有行车距离的大小和播放器屏幕的大小等。结论用视频方法进行车速鉴定,相对于传统的用力学公式进行计算,其准确性和可信度较好;一般条件下,误差可在5%~10%之间估算;夜晚条件下,可在车灯的轮廓线上选择车体上参考点,炫目情况除外。     

Toxicological Findings in Fatal Motor Vehicle Collisions in Ontario,Canada: A One‐Year Study

Drug‐impaired driving is a complex area of forensic toxicology due in part to limited data concerning the type of drugs involved and the concentrations detected. This study analyzed toxicological findings in drivers from fatal motor vehicle collisions (FMVCs) in Ontario, Canada, over a one‐year period using a standardized protocol. Of the 229 cases included in the study, 56% were positive for alcohol and/or drugs. After alcohol, cannabis was the most frequently encountered substance (27%), followed by benzodiazepines (17%) and antidepressants (17%). There were differences in drugs detected by age but no marked difference in drugs detected between single and multiple FMVC's. Not all drugs detected were considered impairing either due to drug type, concentration or case history. The findings indicate the importance of comprehensive drug testing in FMVCs and highlight the need to consider a variety of factors, in addition to drug type and concentration, when assessing the role of drugs in driving impairment.     

Classification of Pelvic Ring Fractures in Skeletonized Human Remains

Pelvic ring fractures are associated with high rates of mortality and thus can provide key information about circumstances surrounding death. These injuries can be particularly informative in skeletonized remains, yet difficult to diagnose and interpret. This study adapted a clinical system of classifying pelvic ring fractures according to their resultant degree of pelvic stability for application to gross human skeletal remains. The modified Tile criteria were applied to the skeletal remains of 22 individuals from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México that displayed evidence of pelvic injury. Because these categories are tied directly to clinical assessments concerning the severity and treatment of injuries, this approach can aid in the identification of manner and cause of death, as well as interpretations of possible mechanisms of injury, such as those typical in car-to-pedestrian and motor vehicle accidents.