Selling the Public on Sustainable Watershed Conservation

Abstract:  The city of Quito, Ecuador, began working in 2000 to protect the ecologically fragile watershed area for its drinking water. In order to protect the Papallacta watershed, the independent Fund for the Conservation of Watersheds (FONAG) was launched to finance and manage economically sound sustainability projects in the area. FONAG is funded in part through start up grants from several organisations and a 1 per cent fee on all Quito water bills, but it has been unable to build an endowment sizeable enough to begin implementing conservation projects. We measure perceptions of the fund among Quito's university–based residents in two settings and evaluate the quality of the fund's proposed communication campaign based on existing communication theory. Further, we propose an adapted environmental education model based on a synthesis of existing theory and the empirical findings from our examination of the FONAG example. The Papallacta case study illuminates the potential strengths and weaknesses of the cultural ecology and political will of this type of collaborative sustainability project for addressing water problems in a developing country in a mountainous setting, centred around the themes of water conservation and sustainable development.     

恐怖主义犯罪原因研析——兼论恐怖主义犯罪研究的方法论

恐怖主义犯罪是为实现一定的政治目的,通过暴力或暴力威胁以及其他非暴力手段制造社会恐怖,侵害他人生命财产的犯罪行为。其在犯罪主体、动机、目的、行为等方面都具有自己的特点,因而不能用传统的个体论的方法探究其产生的根源,而必须将之作为一种犯罪现象从宏观的角度用整体论的方法去研究。作者借鉴著名犯罪学家迪姆凯尔和默顿的犯罪学理论,通过对恐怖主义犯罪现象进行分析,认为恐怖主义犯罪的原因在于各特定社会的文化目标的冲突以及对制度化手段的不同选择。因而只有尊重各种文明的独特性,协调它们的冲突,才是治理恐怖主义犯罪的根本策略。     

论政府环境责任的缺陷与健全

政府环境责任的缺陷和不足,是环境保护领域政府失灵、环境法律失灵的一个重要原因。我国政府环境责任的缺陷主要体现在"重政府经济责任,轻政府环境责任"、"重企业环境义务和追究企业环境责任,轻政府环境义务和追究政府环境责任"、"重政府环境权力,轻政府环境义务"等八个方面。通过阐明健全政府环境责任的法理基础、指导思想和原则,提出建立健全政府环境责任的体系和制度的建议。     

The strategies and proposals for ecological port construction in China

The rapid development of ports has caused serious environmental pollution in China. With the promotion of conservation culture recently, a brand-new developing pattern of port is brought forward, namely ecological port. The definition and conceptual model of ecological port were discussed in the beginning of this paper. Based on the analysis and comparison of experiences in environmental protection and construction of the advanced ecological ports in U.S.A., Japan, Australia, and U.K., the issues facing with ecological port development were discussed and corresponding countermeasures were suggested. The suggestions were mainly concerned with eco-port plan, environmental protection policies, index system development, port function and industry structure transformation, and development patterns for ecological port in China.     

The Effectiveness of the EU's Ozone Policy

Has the EU's ozone policy been effective? In other words: What caused the 90 per cent phase-out of ozone depleting substances (ODS) within the EU? Was it due to an EU-wide regulatory approach, to national circumstances, or to the Montreal Protocol? As EU's environmental policy has not been overly successful so far, it would interesting to know why ozone policy is an area where the EU and its Member States have reached targets effectively over a relatively short time. We suggest that the effectiveness of EU's ozone policy is due to two factors that together secured this rapid phase-out. First, the ozone policy was enacted by means of an EU regulation – rather than by directives – which required all Member States and all larger ODS-generating corporations to implement a ban simultaneously. Second, with the US administration making a u-turn and the increased availability of ODS-substitute chemicals, Europe saw a political opportunity to speed up the phase-out process. A limited study of the phase-out of ODS in Spain supports this argument. While the EU's ozone policy has been effective, its success owes much to particular economic and political circumstances associated with the issue of ozone depletion.     

我国环境行政权与公民环境权的合理定位

市场经济条件下,中国需要符合市场机制的环境法,以合理地配置权力和权利。长期以来,人们对环境行政权和公民环境权的关系混淆不清,导致了环境行政权与公民环境权的错位。本文探讨了环境行政权与公民环境权的缘起及我国的立法现状,分析了两者的错位现象和原因,并对两者的重新定位和错位的消解提出了看法。     

中国环境保护激励制度创新研究

当环境保护与经济发展遇到不可协调的矛盾时，如何有效实施环境保护制度创新，从而实现“保护环境是经济上必需的”，是环境保护激励制度创新中的重要问题。文章探讨了中国环境保护激励制度的创新原则，建构了改善中国环境保护激励制度创新的制度环境。     

Agreements of Economic Integration and the Choice of National Environmental Policies

This paper analyzes the question whether and in which respect agreements of (regional) economic integration affect the choice of environmental policies by individual countries. We focus our interdisciplinary analysis on the agreements of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). We find that these agreements primarily restrict a country's choice among possible instruments to achieve a certain environmental level or target, but do, in principle, not restrict its choice with regard to the environmental target or level itself. We also show that this type of restriction is likely to benefit the individual countries and the world as a whole because it tends to promote the implementation of more efficient environmental policy instruments. A brief analysis of the case of Switzerland illustrates this point.     

环境正义新探——以自由主义正义理论的局限性和环境保护为视角

以权利为核心的自由主义正义鼓励人们对自然环境的瓜分与争夺,其结果必然导致全球环境资源的枯竭。既存的环境正义理论只不过是自由主义正义向环境领域的延伸,在本质上是自由主义正义的一部分。产生于现代环境危机背景下的环境正义应该为克服自由主义正义对自然环境的破坏做出自己的贡献,这才是环境正义的存在价值和历史使命所在。     

环境影响评价制度中公共利益与个人利益的冲突及衡量

伴随着中国经济的迅速发展以及城市化进程的加快,环境问题尤其是污染项目环境影响评价和环境行政许可引发的利益冲突日益显现,已成为备受关注的社会热点问题。环境影响评价制度中的公共利益与个人利益都需要保护,如何进行衡量至关重要。在分析环境影响评价制度中公共利益与个人利益内容和冲突原因的基础上,阐明利益衡量原则和方法,提出了完善环境影响评价制度利益衡量机制及对策。