Suspect Communities—Targeting Violent Extremism at the Local Level: Policies of Engagement in Amsterdam,Berlin, and London

Throughout Europe, authorities have set up new policy measures and programs to curb homegrown violent extremists. This article describes local policy responses to violent Islamic extremism—and/or the mere threat of it—in the neighborhoods Oost in Amsterdam, Moabit and Soldiner Kiez in Berlin, and Tower Hamlets in London. Based on locally conducted fieldwork, the study compares and contrasts these neighborhoods’ approaches and aims to make a first assessment of their effects. A major finding for all three cities is that authorities target the entire local Muslim community rather than a few select individuals. This can lead to the construction of suspect communities, an approach with possible paradoxical effects on targeting actual violent extremists. Suspect communities subsequently create stigmatization, exclusion, and possibly marginalization, which not only has negative consequences for involved groups, but may well produce a breeding ground for future violence. However, the author did not find that engagement with Islamic organizations or individuals was used to directly change the nature of local Muslim communities. Orthodox and non-violent extremist organizations and individuals in all three cities were potential partners for engagement, which probably lowers the chance of stigmatizing the suspect communities.     

侦查阶段的刑事和解一些问题的分析

公安机关侦查阶段的刑事和解,存在着可能影响司法公正的因素。一方面,辩护律师参与刑事和解时间有限制,在侦查阶段接触到证据,这与刑诉法规定相冲突;另一方面,刑事和解的量刑奖赏对未成年被追诉人吸引力不足。此外,在侦查阶段达成刑事和解的,法律没有规定侦查人员是否可以撤销案件。答案应当是肯定的,但应限于提请批捕之前。建议区分参与诉讼的辩护律师与参与侦查阶段刑事和解的律师,以兼顾对被追诉人和侦查机关的公平对待。公安机关发挥群众力量事先进行民间调解、感化被害人,可以推进刑事和解实现。     

刑事侦查中犯罪嫌疑人权利论纲

刑事侦查中,犯罪嫌疑人处于受追诉地位,其权利容易受到代表国家的侦查权的侵害,因而对其权利进行保护就非常重要。犯罪嫌疑人享有的权利包括实体性权利和程序性权利,这些权利不是固定不变的,而是具有开放性的。     

成功讯问一般要素构成研究

作为侦查取证的重要手段,讯问对于侦查人员能否有效查明案件事实,全面收集证据并准确追诉犯罪至关重要。实践证明,取得讯问的成功并非偶然,需要较多相关要素的支撑。这些要素相互联系、相互制约,形成有机整体。由于个案的实际情况不同,具体案件的讯问工作不可能千篇一律,但就取得讯问成功的一般要素而言,则具有一定普遍适应性。     

论犯罪嫌疑人在讯问中的非语言行为

在交流中,口头语言的真实含义可以由许多非语言行为的暗示加以扩充或修正。诚实和撒谎的犯罪嫌疑人在讯问中的表现有所不同,通过对其非语言行为进行认真地观察、分析和判断,可以有效地区分谎言。     

侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人聘请律师程序刍议

侦查阶段,犯罪嫌疑人聘请律师是切实保证辩护权行使,保障犯罪嫌疑人权益的基本前提。但我国关于侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人聘请律师程序的立法现状存在一定缺陷及其司法实践存在一定障碍,以致该程序运行严重受阻。因此,有必要从犯罪嫌疑人在侦查期间聘请律师的时间、主体、对象、内容和方式完善此程序,并构建法律监督机制、健全法律援助机制、确立律师推荐机制,以促进此程序有序推行。     

Theorising the “suspect community”: counterterrorism,security practices and the public imagination

This article considers Hillyard’s first application of the term “suspect community” to the Irish in Britain in the era of the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) and its more recent application to Muslims in the global war on terror. A review of the application of the term “suspect community” and research in the field points to the problems associated with constructing an entire population and to problems of misidentification. Ethnographic and other evidence illustrate the stigmatisation, alienation and violence that results from its deployment. Given these difficulties and Greer’s objections to the use of the term “suspect community”, a redefinition of the concept of “suspect community” is proposed, borrowing from Anderson’s concept of the imagined community. The “suspect community” is not merely the product of legal and security apparatuses, but the product of a larger cultural apparatus or “imaginary”. It is redefined as “a community created in and by the securitised imagination and enacted in a processes of ‘othering’ through a range of security practices of counter-terrorism”. The “suspect community” is not an embodied community, but an imagined one, whose boundaries are permeable and shifting and in the eye of the beholder. Its operations are distinct from Islamophobia or anti-Irish racism, yet racism, Islamophobia and other forms of subordination may well be implicated in the process of “othering” the suspect. The effect of being “suspect” on the performance of identity and citizenship is indicated in the conclusion.     

无罪推定原则的意义解读——一种诉讼法哲学分析

无罪推定已经成为现代国家的一项刑事诉讼法原则乃至宪法原则。无罪推定在各国立法例中虽然有肯定式和否定式两种表述方式 ,但其基本内涵却是相同的 ,即 :任何人在没有充分证据证明并由法院判决确定有罪之前 ,应作为无罪公民对待。作为一种关于正义的规范性命题 ,无罪推定原则具有内在的基本特征和诉讼程序规则 ,具有深厚的社会哲学基础和重要的政治法律意义。在建设社会主义法治国家进程中 ,无罪推定原则的进一步发展与完善 ,成为当代中国刑事诉讼法制现代化的迫切需要和时代课题。     

浅谈侦查讯问程序中律师在场权

1996年的刑事诉讼法虽然在法律上规定了犯罪嫌疑人获得律师帮助的权利,但由于没有规定律师在场权,司法实践中律师在侦查阶段能发挥的作用仍然极为有限。律师在场权是遏制刑讯逼供等违法侦讯行为,实现律师有效辩护的切实可行之措施。本文在分析律师在场权的基本理论、我国律师在场权的缺失和原因以及我国确立律师在场权之必要性和可行性的基础上,借鉴其他国家和地区对律师在场权的规定,提出确立我国律师在场权的制度构想。     

嫌疑人近亲属作证境遇建构论

嫌疑人近亲属的作证境遇具有多重性和突性，负有作证义务却无法摆脱人性的呼唤。嫌疑人近亲属作证境遇重塑，应当从人性和法理双重视角进行反思，并在此基础上，探求将辩护机制引入犯罪构成理论，建构嫌疑人近亲属拒证权。