跨境民族因素对阿巴边境地区毒品问题的影响

随着1979年苏联入侵阿富汗和阿富汗抗苏战争的开展,阿富汗和巴基斯坦边境地区的罂粟种植面积迅速扩大,毒品产量迅速增加,成为世界毒品市场的重要来源地。阿巴边境地区的普什图人和俾路支人等跨境民族在"金新月"地带的罂粟种植和毒品生产中扮演着重要的角色。20世纪80年代后,阿富汗生产的鸦片主要来源于阿巴边境的普什图人村庄,巴基斯坦的罂粟种植也主要集中在以普什图人为主的西北边境省和联邦直辖部落地区。多年以来,尽管阿富汗和巴基斯坦政府在阿巴边境地区不断采取禁毒措施,发展替代种植,但是均未能清除该地区的罂粟种植和毒品生产。阿巴边境的普什图人、俾路支人等民族长期种植罂粟并参与毒品走私的原因包括历史、政治和经济等因素。从历史上看,阿巴边境的普什图人有种植罂粟的传统,出售鸦片是他们重要的经济来源之一。从政治上看,阿富汗和巴基斯坦两国政府不能对边境地区进行有效的管理和控制,从而为边境地区的普什图人和俾路支人种植罂粟和从事毒品走私提供了条件。此外,一些政党为了拉选票而支持当地人们种植罂粟也是重要的政治原因。从经济上看,种植罂粟的收入要高于种植小麦的收入,贩卖毒品的利润较高是吸引阿巴边境的普什图人、俾路支人等民族种植罂粟和从事毒品走私的重要原因。     

论国际商事仲裁在金融争议解决中的运用

近年来有关国际商事仲裁的实践表明,其作为一种争议解决方式在金融领域得到了越来越多的适用。除对其在金融领域适用时的一些传统理论障碍予以了有效的克服以外,国际商事仲裁作为一种争议解决方式的优越性也正得到进一步的体现。虽仍存有一些不足,但在国际和国内机构的推动下,国际商事仲裁方式在国际金融争议及我国涉外金融争议中,都有着良好的发展前景。     

PUNCHING THE PARENTING TIME CLOCK: THE APPROXIMATION RULE,SOCIAL SCIENCE,AND THE BASEBALL BAT KIDS*

The American Law Institute proposes that in contested physical custody cases the court should allocate to each parent a proportion of the child's time that approximates the proportion of time each has spent performing caretaking functions in the past. Examined through the lens of child development research, the approximation rule is unlikely to improve on the best interests standard. It is difficult to apply; is perceived as gender‐biased; creates a new focus for disputing parents; renders a poor estimate of parents’ contributions to their child's best interests; overlooks parents’ intangible, yet significant, contributions to their child's well‐being; and miscalculates the essence of how a child experiences the family. A preferable alternative is a better defined, contemporary best interests standard that accommodates new knowledge and reforms that encourage nonadversarial, individualized resolutions of custody disputes.     

黄克功杀人案与陕甘宁边区的司法公正

黄克功杀人案发生在陕甘宁边区成立后不久。边区司法机关仅用六天时间,便完成了从案件的侦破、起诉到审理、判决和执行的所有程序,为陕甘宁边区的司法公正,从效率、民主与人权保护等方面,确立了标准。在缺乏明确的实体法及程序法规范的情况下,边区高等法院通过对此案的审理,创设了人民群众民主参与刑事案件的陪审制度和公审制度、边区高等法院对重大刑事案件一审终审的诉讼程序制度、法律适用主体的平等原则等重要制度,体现了边区在特定历史条件和战争环境下实现司法公正的独特方式,对革命法制的发展产生了巨大而深远的影响。     

中美经贸摩擦分析

中美经贸关系在迅速发展的同时,经贸摩擦不断。究竟如何看待中美经贸摩擦无疑是个需要认真思考和探讨的重要课题。作者围绕着中美经贸摩擦与日美经贸摩擦是否相同、近几年中美经贸摩擦的主要原因以及中美经贸摩擦是否是必然的、不可避免的等问题阐述了个人观点。作者认为,中美经贸摩擦与日美经贸摩擦比较既有相同之处,也有重要区别;近些年的中美经贸摩擦主要是经济原因而非政治原因引起的;中美经贸摩擦在某种程度上是可以避免或减少的。     

IMMIGRATION POLICY,BORDER SECURITY,AND MIGRANT DEATHS: AN IMPACT EVALUATION OF LIFE‐SAVING EFFORTS UNDER THE BORDER SAFETY INITIATIVE*

Subsequent to U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) efforts to control illegal immigration throughout the 1990s, concern arose over an apparent increase in deaths of illegal migrants as they began to undertake more treacherous routes to enter the United States from Mexico. In response, the Border Safety Initiative (BSI) was created to increase safety along the southwest border. Using multiple data sources, including the USBP BSI Incident Tracking System, this study evaluated the impact of life‐saving efforts performed under the BSI program. Results indicate that there has been no overall reduction in the rate of migrant deaths since BSI has been in operation. However, an evaluation of BORSTAR search and rescue teams and the 2003 Lateral Repatriation Program (LRP), which returned apprehended migrants from Tucson sector to less hazardous places along the border, were found to be effective in preventing migrant deaths. Policy Implications: Critics of U.S. immigration policy claim that the only way reductions in migrant deaths along the U.S.‐Mexico border can be achieved is through liberalization of immigration policy and relaxing of border security. Yet, for more than a decade, U.S. policy makers have increased restrictions on immigration and have tightened security at the borders. Considering this, alternative means must be deployed in order to save migrant lives in the near term rather than waiting for a reversal of immigration policy. This study suggests that proactive life‐saving measures implemented through a harm‐reduction strategy can have some impact on saving migrant lives.     

民事诉讼是否可以附带行政诉讼

在行政争议与民事争议交错发生、民事争议与具体行政行为关联的情况下,争议的当事人可以有不同的诉讼选择,但诉讼的最终目的都是为了确定民事权利。建立民事诉讼附带行政诉讼制度有其充分的必要性与合理性。民事诉讼附带行政诉讼可以扩大审判权对行政权的制约监督范围,有利于提高司法效率、维护司法统一,充分保障公民、法人或其它组织的合法权益。     

浅议调解劳动争议案件中谈话的技巧

在调解劳动争议案件过程中,掌握谈话技巧是十分重要的。应当根据争议双方在调解过程中的种种心态,把握好个别谈话应注意的问题和方法,从而达到调解劳动争议的目的。     

劳动争议处理与制度选择

文章分析了我国劳动争议处理制度的新近发展和存在的主要时弊,并从争议类型、职工个人冤苦、民间调解、工会及雇主组织代表性、集体协商、三方机制、争议处理程序七个方面,以新的视角探讨和提出了有关进一步完善我国现行劳动争议处理制度的对策及思路。     

抗战时期陕甘宁边区私营商业的发展及其原因

抗战时期,陕甘宁边区的私营商业获得了巨大进步,对边区经济、市场的发展起到了不可替代的作用。中共中央和陕甘宁边区政府正确的经济政策,工业和农业经济的大发展,人民群众生活水平的提高以及边区市场和运输业条件的改善,是边区私营商业发展的四大原因。